Chemistry:Sodium hydride

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Sodium hydride
Sodium hydride
Space-filling model of part of the crystal structure of sodium hydride
  Sodium cation, Na+
  Hydrogen anion, H−
Names
IUPAC name
Sodium hydride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 231-587-3
UNII
Properties
NaH
Molar mass 23.998 g/mol[1]
Appearance white or grey solid
Density 1.39 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 638 °C (1,180 °F; 911 K)(decomposes)[1]
Reacts with water[1]
Solubility insoluble in all solvents
Band gap 3.51 eV (predicted)[2]
1.470[3]
Structure
fcc (NaCl), cF8
Fm3m, No. 225
a = 498 pm
4
Octahedral (Na+)
Octahedral (H−)
Thermochemistry[5][4]
36.4 J/mol K
40.0 J·mol−1·K−1[4]
−56.3 kJ·mol−1
-33.5 kJ/mol
Hazards
Main hazards highly corrosive, pyrophoric in air, reacts violently with water.
Safety data sheet External MSDS
GHS pictograms Water-react. 1
GHS Signal word DANGER
H260
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasolineHealth code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasReactivity code 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorusSpecial hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acidNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
3
3
2
Flash point combustible
Related compounds
Other anions
 Sodium borohydride
Sodium hydroxide
Other cations
 Lithium hydride
Potassium hydride
Rubidium hydride
Caesium hydride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula NaH. This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong yet combustible base in organic synthesis. NaH is a saline (salt-like) hydride, composed of Na+ and H− ions, in contrast to molecular hydrides such as borane, methane, ammonia, water, and hydrogen fluoride. It is an ionic material that is insoluble in all solvents (other than molten Na), consistent with the fact that H− ions do not exist in solution. Because of the insolubility of NaH, all reactions involving NaH occur at the surface of the solid.

Basic properties and structure

Pure NaH is colorless, although samples generally appear grey. NaH is around 40% denser than Na (0.968 g/cm3).

NaH, like LiH, KH, RbH, and CsH, adopts the NaCl crystal structure. In this motif, each Na+ ion is surrounded by six H− centers in an octahedral geometry. The ionic radii of H− (146 pm in NaH) and F− (133 pm) are comparable, as judged by the Na−H and Na−F distances.[8]

"Inverse sodium hydride" (hydrogen sodide)

A very unusual situation occurs in a compound dubbed "inverse sodium hydride", which contains H+ and Na− ions. Na− is an alkalide, and this compound differs from ordinary sodium hydride in having a much higher energy content due to the net displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium. A derivative of this "inverse sodium hydride" arises in the presence of the base [36]adamanzane. This molecule irreversibly encapsulates the H+ and shields it from interaction with the alkalide Na−.[9] Theoretical work has suggested that even an unprotected protonated tertiary amine complexed with the sodium alkalide might be metastable under certain solvent conditions, though the barrier to reaction would be small and finding a suitable solvent might be difficult.[10]

Preparation

Industrially, NaH is prepared by introducing molten sodium into mineral oil with hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and mixed vigorously at ~8000 rpm. The reaction is especially rapid at 250−300 °C.

2 Na + H
2 → 2 NaH

The resultant suspension of NaH in mineral oil is often directly used, such as in the production of diborane.[11]

Applications in organic synthesis

As a strong base

NaH is a base of wide scope and utility in organic chemistry.[12] As a superbase, it is capable of deprotonating a range of even weak Brønsted acids to give the corresponding sodium derivatives. Typical "easy" substrates contain O-H, N-H, S-H bonds, including alcohols, phenols, pyrazoles, and thiols.

NaH notably deprotonates carbon acids (i.e., C-H bonds) such as 1,3-dicarbonyls such as malonic esters. The resulting sodium derivatives can be alkylated. NaH is widely used to promote condensation reactions of carbonyl compounds via the Dieckmann condensation, Stobbe condensation, Darzens condensation, and Claisen condensation. Other carbon acids susceptible to deprotonation by NaH include sulfonium salts and DMSO. NaH is used to make sulfur ylides, which in turn are used to convert ketones into epoxides, as in the Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction.

As a reducing agent

NaH reduces certain main group compounds, but analogous reactivity is very rare in organic chemistry (see below).[13] Notably boron trifluoride reacts to give diborane and sodium fluoride:[14]

6 NaH + 2 BF3 → B2H6 + 6 NaF

Si–Si and S–S bonds in disilanes and disulfides are also reduced.

A series of reduction reactions, including the hydrodecyanation of tertiary nitriles, reduction of imines to amines, and amides to aldehydes, can be effected by a composite reagent composed of sodium hydride and an alkali metal iodide (NaH⋅MI, M = Li, Na).[15]

Hydrogen storage

Although not commercially significant sodium hydride has been proposed for hydrogen storage for use in fuel cell vehicles. In one experimental implementation, plastic pellets containing NaH are crushed in the presence of water to release the hydrogen. One challenge with this technology is the regeneration of NaH from the NaOH formed by hydrolysis.[16]

Practical considerations

Sodium hydride is sold as a mixture of 60% sodium hydride (w/w) in mineral oil. Such a dispersion is safer to handle and weigh than pure NaH. The compound is often used in this form but the pure grey solid can be prepared by rinsing the commercial product with pentane or THF, with care being taken because the waste solvent will contain traces of NaH and can ignite in air. Reactions involving NaH require air-free techniques. Typically NaH is used as a suspension in THF, a solvent that resists attack by strong bases but can solvate many reactive sodium compounds.

Safety

NaH can ignite spontaneously in air. It also reacts vigorously with water to release hydrogen, which is also flammable, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a caustic base. In practice, most sodium hydride is dispensed as a dispersion in oil, which can be safely handled in air.[17] Although sodium hydride is widely used in DMSO, DMF or DMA, there have been many cases of fires and/or explosions from such mixtures.[18]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Haynes, p. 4.86
  2. ↑ Singh, S.; Eijt, S. W. H. (30 December 2008). "Hydrogen vacancies facilitate hydrogen transport kinetics in sodium hydride nanocrystallites". Physical Review B 78 (22): 224110. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.224110. Bibcode: 2008PhRvB..78v4110S. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3632cb10-4454-49ab-91c4-6df5dfcfd5b4. 
  3. ↑ Batsanov, Stepan S.; Ruchkin, Evgeny D.; Poroshina, Inga A. (2016). Refractive Indices of Solids. Springer. p. 35. ISBN 978-981-10-0797-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=yF_SDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed.. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7. 
  5. ↑ Haynes, p. 5.35
  6. ↑ Index no. 001-002-00-4 of Annex VI, Part 3, to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. OJEU L353, 31.12.2008, pp 1–1355 at p 340.
  7. ↑ "New Environment Inc. – NFPA Chemicals". https://www.newenv.com/resources/nfpa_chemicals. 
  8. ↑ Wells, A.F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  9. ↑ Redko, M. Y. et al. (2002). ""Inverse Sodium Hydride": A Crystalline Salt that Contains H+ and Na−". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (21): 5928–5929. doi:10.1021/ja025655+. PMID 12022811. 
  10. ↑ Sawicka, Agnieszka; Skurski, Piotr; Simons, Jack (2003). "Inverse Sodium Hydride: A Theoretical Study". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (13): 3954–3958. doi:10.1021/ja021136v. PMID 12656631. http://simons.hec.utah.edu/papers/266.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Rittmeyer, Peter; Wietelmann, Ulrich (2000-06-15), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, ed. (in en), Hydrides, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_199, ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14356007.a13_199, retrieved 2023-11-21 
  12. ↑ Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289X.
  13. ↑ Too, Pei Chui; Chan, Guo Hao; Tnay, Ya Lin; Hirao, Hajime; Chiba, Shunsuke (2016-03-07). "Hydride Reduction by a Sodium Hydride–Iodide Composite" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55 (11): 3719–3723. doi:10.1002/anie.201600305. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 26878823. 
    For early examples of NaH acting as a hydride donor, see ref. [3] therein.[citation needed]
  14. ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN:0-12-352651-5.
  15. ↑ Ong, Derek Yiren; Tejo, Ciputra; Xu, Kai; Hirao, Hajime; Chiba, Shunsuke (2017-01-01). "Hydrodehalogenation of Haloarenes by a Sodium Hydride–Iodide Composite" (in en). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 56 (7): 1840–1844. doi:10.1002/anie.201611495. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 28071853. 
  16. ↑ DiPietro, J. Philip; Skolnik, Edward G. (October 1999). "Analysis of the Sodium Hydride-based Hydrogen Storage System being developed by PowerBall Technologies, LLC". US Department of Energy, Office of Power Technologies. https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/28890pp2.pdf. 
  17. ↑ "The Dow Chemical Company – Home". http://www.rohmhaas.com/wcm/products/product_detail.page?display-mode=msds&product=1120734&application=1120208. 
  18. ↑ Yang, Qiang; Sheng, Min; Henkelis, James J.; Tu, Siyu; Wiensch, Eric; Zhang, Honglu; Zhang, Yiqun; Tucker, Craig et al. (2019). "Explosion Hazards of Sodium Hydride in Dimethyl Sulfoxide, N,N-Dimethylformamide, and N,N-Dimethylacetamide". Organic Process Research & Development 23 (10): 2210–2217. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00276. 

Cited sources



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