Astronomy:PH2
 Artist's conception of PH2 and its planet, PH2b, viewed from a hypothetical moon of the planet. Credit: Haven Giguere, Matthew Giguere/Yale | |
| Observation data Equinox J2000.0]] (ICRS) | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Cygnus[3] |
| Right ascension | 19h 19m 03.26334s[4] |
| Declination | +51° 57′ 45.4099″[4] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 12.699±0.010[5] |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | Main sequence |
| Spectral type | G5V[6][note 1] |
| Apparent magnitude (J) | 11.501±0.023[2] |
| Apparent magnitude (H) | 11.182±0.03[2] |
| Apparent magnitude (K) | 11.116±0.022[2] |
| Apparent magnitude (B1) | 12.34[2] |
| Apparent magnitude (R1) | 12.62[2] |
| B−V color index | 0.072[6] |
| Astrometry | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | −17.79±1.88[4] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) | RA: 3.427[4] mas/yr Dec.: 16.047[4] mas/yr |
| Parallax (π) | 2.9134 ± 0.0105[4] mas |
| Distance | 1,120 ± 4 ly (343 ± 1 pc) |
| Absolute bolometric magnitude (Mbol) | 5.01+0.12 −0.12[7][note 2] |
| Details[5] | |
| Mass | 0.958±0.034 M☉ |
| Radius | 0.961+0.016 −0.015 R☉ |
| Luminosity (bolometric) | 0.79+0.09 −0.08[8] L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 4.45±0.02 cgs |
| Temperature | 5711+60 −59 K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | −0.03±0.04 dex |
| Rotation | 22.6 days |
| Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 1.43±0.78[8] km/s |
| Other designations | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | data |
| KIC | data |
PH2, also known as Kepler-86,[1] or KIC 12735740 (2MASS J19190326+5157453), is a G-type star[8][note 1] 1,120 light-years (340 parsecs) distant[4] within the constellation Cygnus.[3] Roughly the size and temperature[6] of the Sun,[10] PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release.[11] The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet.[8]
Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2b (or Kepler-86b[1]) is a Jupiter-size gas giant which could in theory host a natural satellite suitable for hosting life.[11] The report of the confirmed detection of PH2b was submitted on January 3, 2013.[8] It was discovered by amateur Pole Rafał Herszkowicz using his laptop and access to the Internet project with data from the Kepler space observatory.[12]
History of detection
PH2 b was detected, along with 42 other planet candidates, in archival data from Kepler by the Planet Hunters project, in which human volunteers analyze the light curves of Kepler target stars, searching for planetary transit signals which may be missed by computer programs.[8] Previous work by Planet Hunters helped to confirm the existence of PH1b, a Neptune-mass planet within a four-star system.
All of the candidates in the study, including PH2b, were identified by citizen scientists Abe J. Hoekstra, Thomas Lee Jacobs, Daryll LaCourse, Hans Martin Schwengler, Rafał Herszkowicz and Mike Chopin among others, with the help of Yale University astronomers.[8] In addition to PH2b itself, twenty other planet candidates were found which are located in the habitable zones of their host stars; however, these have a relatively high probability of spurious detection and may well come from non-planetary sources.[8]
Although the planet's initial detection was made using Kepler data, PH2's stellar spectra, required to rule out background stars or faint companions with planets as sources for the observed transits, were collected using the HIRES instrument at the W. M. Keck Observatory.[8] Results of observations confirmed the existence of PH2b with "99.9 percent confidence."[8][11]
Planetary system
PH2 is host to one confirmed planet, PH2b, orbiting with a period of about 282 days, placing it and any possible moons in the habitable zone.[11] The temperature in the upper atmosphere of the planet could range from 185 K (−88 °C; −127 °F) to 303 K (30 °C; 86 °F).[8] A moon of PH2b would likely have "a rocky core, plus a greenhouse atmosphere of some sort that could have liquid water on its surface" in the words of the researchers, thus further improving its prospects for habitability.[11]
In 2019, the mass of the planet was measured by radial velocity, showing it to be close in mass to Saturn.[5]
| Companion (in order from star) |
Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) |
Orbital period (days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | 108.81+29.79 −32.29 M⊕ |
0.824+0.019 −0.017 |
282.52540+0.00010 −0.00011 |
0.280+0.121 −0.133 |
89.915+0.020 −0.022° |
9.49±0.16 R⊕ |
See also
- Amateur exoplanet discoveries
- Exomoon
- Habitability of natural satellites
- HIP 41378 f
- Kepler 1625 b I
- Kepler 1708 b I
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Staff (September 25, 2013). "Congratulations! MT @planethunters: Our 2nd confirmed planet PH2 b has received the alternate Kepler designation of Kepler-86b.". inagist/@NASAKepler. http://inagist.com/all/382705708380073984/.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Gator Cone Search Result". The Two Micron All Sky Survey at IPAC. NASA/IPAC. http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/workspace/TMP_7aNmhU_31885/Gator/irsa/3547/tbview.html.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "VizieR Detailed Page". VizieR. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Dubber, Sophie C. et al. (December 2019). "Using HARPS-N to characterize the long-period planets in the PH-2 and Kepler-103 systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490 (4): 5103–5121. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2856. Bibcode: 2019MNRAS.490.5103D.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Kepler Data Search Results". MAST. Space Telescope Science Institute. http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/data_search/search.php?action=Search&ktc_kepler_id=12735740.
- ↑ Mamajek, Eric (December 30, 2012). "Basic Astronomical Data for the Sun (BADS)". University of Rochester. http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/sun.txt.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 Wang, Ji et al. (October 2013). "Planet Hunters. V. A Confirmed Jupiter-size Planet in the Habitable Zone and 42 Planet Candidates from the Kepler Archive Data". The Astrophysical Journal 776 (1): 10. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/10. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...776...10W.
- ↑ "Kepler-86". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Kepler-86.
- ↑ Williams, David R. (March 2, 2012). "Sun Fact Sheet". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Howell, Elizabeth (11 January 2013). "Amateur Astronomers Discover 42 Alien Planets". Space.com. Space.com. http://www.space.com/19233-amateurs-discover-alien-planets.html.
- ↑ "Polski informatyk Rafał Herszkowicz odkrył nową planete PH2b | Forsal.pl - Giełda, Waluty, Finanse" (in pl). Forsal. 2013-03-27. http://forsal.pl/artykuly/693169,polski_informatyk_rafal_herszkowicz_odkryl_nowa_planete_ph2b.html.
Footnotes
External links
- Kepler Mission - NASA.
- KIC-12735740 Star on Star Finder/cthreepo
- Video (00:52) - Journey To Exoplanet "PH2 b"
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