Astronomy:List of smallest known stars

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This is a list of stars which are the least voluminous known (the smallest stars by volume).

List

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Notable small stars

This is a list of small stars that are notable for characteristics that are not separately listed.

Star name Star mean radius, kilometres Star class Notes References
CXOU J085201.4-461753 1.2 Neutron star [1]
CXO J232327.9+584842 2.7 [1]
RX J0720.4−3125 5
PSR B0943+10 2.6 or 10[lower-alpha 1] Pulsar (quark star?) Neutron stars are stellar remnants produced when a star of around 8–9 solar masses or more explodes in a supernova at the end of its life. They are usually produced by stars of less than 20 solar masses, although a more massive star may produce a neutron star in certain cases. PSR B0943+10 is one of the least massive stars, with 0.02 solar masses. Has two known exoplanets. [2]
PSR B1257+12 10 Pulsar Orbited by three planets. [3]
PSR B0531+21 (Crab pulsar) 10 Relatively young at 999 years old as of June 2023. [4]
Geminga 10 [5]
Vela pulsar 10 [6]
XTE J1739-285 10.9 Pulsar (quark star?) [7]
PSR J0348+0432 A 13 ± 2 Pulsar Orbited by a white dwarf star (see below) [8]
PSR J1614−2230 13 ± 2 [9]
PSR J1748-2446ad <16 Fastest-spinning pulsar known. [10]
RX J1856.5−3754 19 Neutron star Closest neutron star discovered to date. [11]
PSR B1620-26 A 24 Pulsar An exoplanet orbits PSR B1620-26 A and its white dwarf companion (see below) in a circumbinary orbit.
XTE J1650-500 B 24 Black hole This binary X-ray transient system, XTE J1650-500, component black hole, at 3.8 solar masses, is smaller than the previous recordholder GRO J1655-40 B of 6.3 MSun in the microquasar system GRO J1655-40. [12]
HD 49798 1,600 White dwarf One of the smallest white dwarf stars known. [13]
ZTF J1901+1458 1,809 Currently the most massive white dwarf known. [14]
GRW +70 8247 3,300 [15]
Wolf 1130 B 3,480 [16]
BPM 37093 3,965.5
IK Pegasi B 4,174 The nearest supernova candidate. (Type Ia) [17]
Sirius B 5,466 Historically first detected white dwarf star [18]
LB 1497 5,494.5 [19]
40 Eridani B 5,547.5
U Geminorum white dwarf 5,565 [20]
Gliese 915 6,748.3 [21]
AR Scorpii 6,950 The only known white dwarf pulsar [22]
LP 145-141 6,950 4th nearest white dwarf.[23]
PSR B1620-26 B 6,950 An exoplanet orbits PSR B1620-26 B and its pulsar companion (see above) in a circumbinary orbit.
G 29-38 6,950 [24]
WD 0810–353 6,950 [25]
Van Maanen 2 7,650 3rd nearest white dwarf. [26]
QS Virginis A 7,658 [27]
Stein 2051 B 7,930 [28]
Ross 548 (ZZ Ceti) 8,209 [29]
DQ Herculis A 8,420[30] A slow, bright nova that reached peak brightness on 22 December 1934 with an apparent magnitude of 1.5.[31]
Procyon B 8,595 Second nearest white dwarf. [32]
GD 165 A 8,626.5 [29]
ESO 439-26 8,775.5 Faintest known white dwarf.[33]
Gliese 293 8,900[lower-alpha 2] [21]
Wolf 489 9,044 [34]
HD 44120 C 9,044 [35]
WD 1856+534 9,113.67 [36]
Epsilon Reticuli B 9,185 [37]
KOI-256 B 9,350 [38]
RR Caeli white dwarf 10,908.5 [39]
WD 1145+017 13,926.84 Host star of one of the smallest exoplanets. [40]
NN Serpentis white dwarf 14,679.5 [41]
Beta Crateris B 18,800 [42]
Central star of the Dumbbell Nebula 38,265 [43]
KPD 0005+5106 41,045 Hottest known white dwarf. [44]
PSR J0348+0432 B 45,268 A white dwarf that orbits its pulsar companion (see above) [8]
TMTS J052610.43+593445.1 45,916 Hot subdwarf Smallest known non-degenerate star. [45]
WISEA 1810−1010 46,840 Brown dwarf Smallest known brown dwarf. [46]
EPIC 201702477 (fr) 54,120 [47]
Epsilon Indi Ba 55,656 [48]
LHS 6343 C 55,978 [49]
Epsilon Indi Bb 57,050 [48]
54 Piscium B 57,050 [50]
2MASS J1126−5003 57,193.5 [51]
UGPS J0521+3640 57,193.5
Wolf 1130 C 58,625 [52]
EBLM J0555-57Ab 60,000 Red dwarf This red dwarf has a size comparable to that of the planet Saturn. As of 2019, it is the second lightest hydrogen-fusing star known, marginally heavier (0.0777-0.0852M☉) than the 2MASS J0523-1403. Although its mass is comparable to that of TRAPPIST-1, its radius is 1/3 smaller. [53][54][55]
Luhman 16 A 60,768 Brown dwarf Luhman 16 A and Luhman 16 B are the closest brown dwarf stars to Earth, and the third-nearest star system to the Solar System. [lower-alpha 3]
SSSPM J0829-1309 61,300 Red dwarf An L2 dwarf that is fusing hydrogen. Similarly to 2MASS J0523-1403, SSSPM J0829-1309 is one of the least luminous and massive hydrogen-fusing stars, and is smaller than Jupiter. [56][57]
WISE 1405+5534 61,483 Brown dwarf
2MASS 0939-2448 B 62,600
2MASS 0243−2453 64,000 [58]
W1906+40 64,350 In 2015 it was shown to have on its surface a storm the size of Jupiter's Great Red Spot. 
2MASS J0348−6022 64,700 [59]
SDSS J1416+1348 A 65,772.5 [60]
WISEPC J205628.90+145953.3 66,487.5 [61]
WISE 1738+2732 66,487.5 [61]
SCR 1845−6357 A 66,790 Red dwarf
2MASS 0937+2931 67,200 Brown dwarf [62]
WISE 0359−5401 67,200 In June 2023, it became the first Y-dwarf with a spectral energy distribution measured by the James Webb Space Telescope. [63][64]
2MASS J22282889–4310262 67,200 [65]
SDSS J1416+1348 B 67,200 [66]
DENIS J081730.0−615520 67,200 [62]
WISE 2150–7520 B 67,900 [67]
Kelu-1 B 67,900
Kelu-1 A 68,180
DENIS 0255−4700 69,570 [68]
R Aquarii B 69,570 White dwarf Part of a symbiotic binary star system containing a red giant and a white dwarf. [69]
HD 114762 B 69,570 Red dwarf [70]
2MASS J0407+1546 69,570 Brown dwarf [71]
HN Pegasi B 70,265 [72]
2MASS J0523-1403 70,600
GD 165 B 71,492 Brown dwarf [73]
15 Sagittae B 71,492 [74]
DENIS-P J1058.7−1548 71,492 [75]
LHS 2924 71,657 Red dwarf [76]
2MASS 0036+1821 72,200 Brown dwarf [62]
UGPS 0722-05 72,850 Possibly a rogue planet [77]
WISE 2150–7520 A 73,635 [67]
Luhman 16 B 74,350 Luhman 16 B and Luhman 16 A are the closest brown dwarf stars to Earth, and the third-nearest star system to the Solar System. [lower-alpha 3]
Teegarden's Star 74,439.9 Red dwarf Has two potentially habitable planets. The planet b has the highest Earth Similarity Index of any planet. [78]
DENIS J1048−3956 75,135.5 [79]
DX Cancri 76,527 [80]
LHS 292 76,527 [81]
TVLM 513-46546 76,527 Has one confirmed exoplanet
Gliese 229 B 79,000 Brown dwarf
HR 2562 B 79,350 Its mass is quite uncertain, at 29±15 Jupiter mass .[82] It is cited by the NASA Exoplanet Archive as the most massive exoplanet known.[83] [84]
OGLE-TR-122B 81,100 Red dwarf This was once the smallest known actively fusing star, when found in 2005, through 2013. It is the smallest eclipsing red dwarf, and smallest observationally measured diameter. [85][86][87]
CoRoT-15b 82,200 Brown dwarf [88]
VB 10 82,300 Red dwarf It was the smallest known star from 1948 to 1981. [89]
TRAPPIST-1 82,925 Hosts a planetary system with at least seven rocky planets. [90]
LHS 2090 83,500 [91]
VB 8 84,450 [89]
2MASS 0939-2448 A 87,220 Brown dwarf [92]
Gliese 412 B 90,400 Red dwarf [93]
CFBDSIR 1458+10 B 90,450 Brown dwarf
Gliese 1002 95,310 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets [94]
Wolf 424 B 97,400 [95]
LHS 3154 97,400 Has one confirmed exoplanet [96]
Wolf 359 100,180.8 Fifth-nearest star system to the Solar System. Has one unconfirmed exoplanet [89]
NN Serpentis red dwarf 103,660 [97]
CFBDSIR 1458+10 A 104,350 Brown dwarf
NY Virginis A 105,050 B-type subdwarf [98]
Gliese 1061 105,746.4 Red dwarf Has three confirmed exoplanets, two of them are in the habitable zone. [89]
LP 890-9 106,580 Has two confirmed exoplanets, one of them (LP 890-9c) is in the habitable zone. [99]
Proxima Centauri 107,277 This is the nearest neighbouring star to the Sun. Has 2 confirmed exoplanets and one disputed planet [100]
Luyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti) 110,615 The archetypal type of the flare stars, and the eight-nearest star system to the Solar System. [101]
NY Virginis B 111,300 [102]
TZ Arietis 112,000 Has one confirmed exoplanet [103]
Luyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti) 114,790 Luyten 726-8 A and B are the eight-nearest star system to the Solar System. [101]
YZ Ceti 116,877.5 Has three confirmed exoplanets [104]
LP 791-18 (TOI-736) 118,270 Has three confirmed exoplanets [105]
HR 858 B 118,270 [106]
UY Sextantis 118,270 B-type subdwarf [107]
Wolf 424 A 118,270 Red dwarf [95]
Kepler-42 121,750 Has three confirmed exoplanets [108]
EZ Aquarii A (Luyten 789-6 A) 121,750 [95]
HW Virginis B 121,835 [109]
Gliese 1151 123,900 Has one confirmed exoplanet [110]
Groombridge 34 B 125,200 [111]
Wolf 1069 126,130 Has one confirmed potentially habitable exoplanet [112]
HW Virginis A 127,404.6 B-type subdwarf [109]
Gliese 3323 129,539.5 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets [78]
Barnard's Star 130,100 The star with the highest proper motion,[113] and the second-nearest star system to the Solar system. [89]
LHS 3844 (Batsũ̀) 131,500 Has one confirmed exoplanet [114]
Ross 248 132,200 Tenth-nearest star system to the Solar System. [93]
Gliese 1128 132,200 [115]
Alpha Mensae B 132,200 [116]
Ross 128 136,844 Has one confirmed potentially habitable exoplanet [117]
LTT 1445 C 137,050 [118]
Ross 154 139,140 Ninth-nearest star system to our Solar System. [89]
Gliese 1062 141,000 Other sources cites 258,800 km (0.372 R☉)[119] and 285,935 km (0.411 R☉)[120] [121]
Kepler-70 141,225 B-type subdwarf Has two unconfirmed exoplanets, which may be the hottest exoplanets known. [122]
RR Caeli red dwarf 141,225 Red dwarf
Gliese 1214 141,922 Has a confirmed exoplanet [89]
Gliese 754 142,618.5 [123]
LHS 1140 142,618.5 Has two confirmed exoplanets [89]
EZ Aquarii B (Luyten 789-6 B) 146,100 [124]
Gliese 1132 149,575 Has two confirmed exoplanets [89]
LSR J1835+3259 150,133 Brown dwarf [125]
CT Chamaeleontis B 157,282.4
V391 Pegasi 160,000 B-type subdwarf Has one exoplanet candidate [126]
Kepler-1649 161,400 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets [127]
LTT 1445 B 164,185 [118]
CM Draconis B 166,700 [128]
Kepler-429 167,000 B-type subdwarf Has three exoplanet candidates [129]
Ross 695 167,000 Red dwarf [130]
Kruger 60 B 167,000 [131]
2M1207 A 173,925 Brown dwarf Has one confirmed exoplanet [132]
CM Draconis A 176,000 Red dwarf [133]
DG Canum Venaticorum 176,000 [134]
AM Herculis red dwarf 180,882 [135]
Z Andromedae B 184,530.63 White dwarf Largest known white dwarf. Part of a symbiotic binary star system containing a red giant and a white dwarf. [136]
55 Cancri B 186,447.5 Red dwarf [137]
LTT 1445 A 188,500 Red dwarf Has three confirmed exoplanets, one of them is in the habitable zone [138]
Struve 2398 B 189,925 [93]
Gliese 105 B (268 G. Ceti B) 193,405 [93]
LHS 475 194,030.5 Has one confirmed exoplanet [139]
HR 7703 B 194,800 [131]
Mu Cassiopeiae Ab 201,750 [140]
Kapteyn's Star 202,448.7 This is the closest halo star to the Sun. [141]
Stein 2051 A 203,150 [142]
HN Librae 208,000 Has one confirmed planet and one unconfirmed [143]
Gliese 402 208,700
L 98-59 210,800 Has four confirmed exoplanets and one unconfirmed [144]
Gliese 581 215,650 Has three confirmed exoplanets [89]
40 Eridani C 215,650 [145]
Wolf 1061 221,900 Has three confirmed exoplanets [89]
Gliese 3929 222,600 Has two confirmed exoplanets [146]
Xi Ursae Majoris Ab 222,600 [147]
YZ Canis Minoris 225,400 [103]
Wolf 437 (Gar) 228,190 Has one confirmed exoplanet [148]
Gliese 1 229,580 [149]
Wolf 1130 A 229,580 [150]
Gliese 357 231,650 Has three confirmed exoplanets [151]
Gliese 667 C 231,650 Has two confirmed exoplanets [89]
Kepler-47 B 235,150 There are three exoplanets orbiting Kepler-47 B and its companion, Kepler-47 A, in a circumbinary orbit. [152][153]
Luyten's Star 243,500 Has two confirmed exoplanets and other two unconfirmed [154]
Kruger 60 A 243,500 [131]
Struve 2398 A 246,300 [89]
EV Lacertae 250,500 On 25 April 2008, a record-setting stellar flare was observed on its surface by NASA's Swift, that was thousands of times more powerful than any solar flare.[155] [156]
Theta Cygni B 250,500 [157]
Gliese 251 253,235 Has one confirmed exoplanet [158]
DT Virginis B 256,000 [159]
AT Microscopii B 257,400 [160]
Regulus C 257,400 [161]
Gliese 876 (Ross 780) 258,800 Has four confirmed exoplanets [89]
LHS 6343 A 259,495 [49]
LTT 3780 (TOI-732) 260,190 Has two confirmed exoplanets [162]
TOI-270 263,000 Has three confirmed exoplanets [163]
Gliese 412 A 264,400 [93]
Groombridge 34 A 267,800 Has two confirmed exoplanets [89]
L 34-26 270,000 It hosts the exoplanet with the longest known orbital period, COCONUTS-2b, which takes about 1.1 million years to complete an orbit around its star.[164] [165]
Teide 1 270,240 Brown dwarf [166][167]
Gliese 908 271,323 Red dwarf [130]
Gliese 1252 272,000 Has one confirmed exoplanet, an ultra-short-period planet with a daytime temperature measured at 1140 °C.[168] [169]
HIP 79431 (Sharjah) 272,000 Has one confirmed exoplanet. Other sources cites radius of 307,500 km (0.442 R☉)[170] and 375,680 km (0.54 R☉)[171] [172]
Lalande 21185 273,500 Sixth-nearest star system to the Solar System. Has two confirmed exoplanets and one unconfirmed [173]
LHS 6343 B 274,100 [49]
Gliese 22 B 274,100 [174]
Gliese 179 278,300 Has two confirmed exoplanets [78]
HIP 57050 278,300 Has two confirmed exoplanets [175]
KOI-4777 278,300 Has one confirmed exoplanet
Gliese 163 284,550 Has five confirmed exoplanets [89]
AT Microscopii A 285,250 [160]
Gliese 588 292,200 [176]
Gliese 686 292,200 Has a confirmed exoplanet [177]
TOI 700 292,200 Has four confirmed exoplanets [178]
QS Virginis B 292,404 [27]
Gliese 180 294,211.5 Has two confirmed exoplanets [78]
AD Leonis 294,500 [179]
Gliese 408 299,150 [131]
Gliese 3634 299,150 Has a confirmed exoplanet [180]
Gliese 569 A 299,150 [181]
U Geminorum red dwarf 299,150 [20]
Gliese 436 300,542 Has a confirmed exoplanet [89]
Sigma Coronae Borealis C 304,000 [182]
HD 260655 (TOI-4599) 305,400 Has two confirmed exoplanets [183]
WR 93b 306,108 Wolf-Rayet [184]
Gliese 832 307,500 Red dwarf Has two exoplanets [89]
Gliese 877 307,500 [151]
Gliese 393 310,212.5 [78]
Tabby's Star B 313,065 [185]
Gliese 367 (Añañuca) 317,935 Has three confirmed exoplanets [186]
Gliese 849 322,800 Has two confirmed exoplanets [89]
K2-18 (EPIC 201912552) 326,300 Has two confirmed exoplanets [187]
Gliese 521 327,000 [188]
BAT99-123 327,000 Wolf-Rayet [189]
Lacaille 9352 329,750 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets and one unconfirmed [89]

Smallest stars by type

List of the smallest stars by star type
Type Star name Radius
Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Radius
Jupiter radii
(Jupiter = 1) 		Radius
Earth radii
(Earth = 1) 		Radius
(km / mi) 		Date Notes References
Red dwarf EBLM J0555-57Ab 0.084 0.84 9.41 60,000 km (37,000 mi) 2017 The red dwarf stars are considered the smallest stars known, and representative of the smallest star possible. [53][54][55]
Brown dwarf WISEA 1810−1010 0.067 0.655 7.29 46,840 km (29,110 mi) Brown dwarfs are not massive enough to build up the pressure in the central regions to allow nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. They are best described as extremely massive gas giants that were not able to ignite into a hydrogen-fusing star. [46]
White dwarf HD 49798 0.0023 0.023 0.25 1,600 km (990 mi) 2021 White dwarfs are stellar remnants produced when a star with around 8 solar masses or less sheds its outer layers into a planetary nebula. The leftover core becomes the white dwarf. It is thought that white dwarfs cool down over quadrillions of years to produce a black dwarf. [13]
Neutron star CXOU J085201.4-461753 0.0000017 0.000017 0.00019 1.2 km

(0.75 mi)

1968 Neutron stars are stellar remnants produced when stars with around 9 solar masses or more explode in supernovae at the ends of their lives. They are usually produced by stars with less than 20 solar masses, although a more massive star may produce a neutron star in certain cases.
Stellar-mass black hole XTE J1650-500 B 0.0000344828 0.000335702 0.00376285 24 km (15 mi) 2008 Black holes are stellar remnants usually produced when extremely massive stars explode in a supernova or hypernova at the end of their lives. [12]

Timeline of smallest red dwarf star recordholders

Red dwarfs are considered the smallest star known that are active fusion stars, and are the smallest stars possible that is not a brown dwarf.

List of smallest red dwarf titleholders
Star name Date Radius
Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Radius
Jupiter radii
(Jupiter = 1) 		Radius
km
(mi) 		Notes
EBLM J0555-57Ab 2017- 0.084 0.84 60,000 km (37,000 mi) This star has a size comparable to that of Saturn. [53][54][55]
2MASS J0523-1403 2013-2017 0.102 1.01 70,600 km (43,900 mi) Lowest mass main sequence star as in 2020. [190][56][191][62]
OGLE-TR-122B 2005-2013 0.117 1.16 81,100 km (50,400 mi) [85][86][87]

Notes

  1. ↑ If PSR B0943+10 is a neutron star, its radius is 10 km. If it is a quark star, its radius is 2.6 km.
  2. ↑ From surface gravity and mass
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 From : [math]\displaystyle{ R = \sqrt \frac{L}{ 4 \pi \sigma {T_e}^4} }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ L }[/math] is the luminosity, [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] is the radius, [math]\displaystyle{ T_e }[/math] is the effective surface temperature and [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma }[/math] is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Potekhin, A. Y.; De Luca, A.; Pons, J. A. (October 2015). "Neutron stars - thermal emitters". Space Science Reviews 191 (1–4): 171–206. doi:10.1007/s11214-014-0102-2. ISSN 0038-6308. Bibcode: 2015SSRv..191..171P. 
  2. ↑ Yue, Y. L.; Cui, X. H.; Xu, R. X. (2006-10-01). "Is PSR B0943+10 a low-mass quark star?". The Astrophysical Journal 649 (2): L95–L98. doi:10.1086/508421. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2006ApJ...649L..95Y. 
  3. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/opus/comments_2011/hckrep.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "psr b0531 21 radius - Google Search". https://www.google.com/search?q=psr+b0531+21+radius. 
  5. ↑ "Geminga | pulsar". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Geminga. Retrieved 2018-09-05. 
  6. ↑ "1996rftu.proc..173P Page 173". http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1996rftu.proc..173P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES. 
  7. ↑ Zhang, C. M.; Yin, H. X.; Zhao, Y. H.; Wei, Y. C.; Li, X. D. (October 2007). "Does Sub-millisecond Pulsar XTE J1739-285 Contain a Low Magnetic Neutron Star or Quark Star ?". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119 (860): 1108–1113. doi:10.1086/522796. ISSN 0004-6280. Bibcode: 2007PASP..119.1108Z. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Antoniadis, J.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Tauris, T. M.; Lynch, R. S.; Van Kerkwijk, M. H.; Kramer, M.; Bassa, C. et al. (2013). "A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary". Science 340 (6131): 1233232. doi:10.1126/science.1233232. PMID 23620056. Bibcode: 2013Sci...340..448A. 
  9. ↑ Demorest, Paul; Pennucci, Tim; Ransom, Scott; Roberts, Mallory; Hessels, Jason (October 2010). "Shapiro delay measurement of a two solar mass neutron star". Nature 467 (7319): 1081–1083. doi:10.1038/nature09466. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20981094. 
  10. ↑ "PSR J1748-2446ad is the fastest-spinning pulsar known, at 716 Hz, or 716 times a second. This pulsar was discovered by Jason W. T. Hessels… | Astro Sci | Pinterest". https://www.pinterest.com/pin/116952921557434940/?lp=true. 
  11. ↑ Ho, Wynn C. G.; Kaplan, David L.; Chang, Philip; van Adelsberg, Matthew; Potekhin, Alexander Y. (2007-03-01). "Magnetic Hydrogen Atmosphere Models and the Neutron Star RX J1856.5-3754". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 375 (3): 821–830. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11376.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2007MNRAS.375..821H. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Andrea Thompson (1 April 2008). "Smallest Black Hole Found". Space.com. http://www.space.com/5191-smallest-black-hole.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Mereghetti, S.; Pintore, F.; Rauch, T.; La Palombara, N.; Esposito, P.; Geier, S.; Pelisoli, I.; Rigoselli, M. et al. (April 10, 2021). "New X-ray observations of the hot subdwarf binary HD 49798/RX J0648.0–4418". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504: 920–925. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1004. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/504/1/920/6219849. 
  14. ↑ Caiazzo, Ilaria; Burdge, Kevin; Fuller, James; Heyl, Jeremy; Kulkarni, Shri; Prince, Thomas; Richer, Harvey; Schwab, Josiah et al. (2020-11-09). A moon-sized, highly magnetised and rapidly rotating white dwarf may be headed toward collapse. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-99143/v1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-99143/v1. Retrieved 2020-11-29. 
  15. ↑ Kuiper, G. P. (February 1936). "The White Dwarf A.C.+70°8247, the Smallest Star Known". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 30: 48. Bibcode: 1936JRASC..30...48K. 
  16. ↑ Mace, Gregory N.; Mann, Andrew W.; Skiff, Brian A.; Sneden, Christopher; Kirkpatrick, Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Kidder, Benjamin; Gosnell, Natalie M. et al. (2018-02-13), "Wolf 1130: A Nearby Triple System Containing a Cool, Ultramassive White Dwarf", The Astrophysical Journal 854 (2): 145, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8dd 
  17. ↑ Barstow, M. A.; Holberg, J. B.; Koester, D. (1994-10-01). "Extreme-ultraviolet spectrophotometry of HD 15638 and HR 8210 (IK Peg).". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 270 (3): 516–522. doi:10.1093/mnras/270.3.516. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1994MNRAS.270..516B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994MNRAS.270..516B. 
  18. ↑ Peter Thejll; Harry L. Shipman (1986). "Temperature, radius, and rotational velocity of Sirius B". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 98 (608): 922–926. October 1986. doi:10.1086/131845. ISSN 0004-6280. Bibcode: 1986PASP...98..922T. 
  19. ↑ Wegner, Gary; Reid, I. N.; McMahan, Robert K. Jr. (July 1991). "Gravitational redshift for the Pleiad white dwarf LB 1497". The Astrophysical Journal 376: 186. doi:10.1086/170266. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1991ApJ...376..186W. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Naylor, T.; Allan, A.; Long, K. S. (August 2005). "The masses, radii and luminosities of the components of U Geminorum". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 361 (3): 1091–1101. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09262.x. Bibcode: 2005MNRAS.361.1091N. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Subasavage, John P.; Jao, Wei-Chun; Henry, Todd J.; Bergeron, P.; Dufour, P.; Ianna, Philip A.; Costa, Edgardo; Mendez, Rene A. (2009-06-01). "The Solar Neighborhood. XXI. Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9m Program: 20 New Members of the 25 Parsec White Dwarf Sample". The Astronomical Journal 137 (6): 4547–4560. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4547. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.4547S. 
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