Astronomy:List of the most distant astronomical objects

Color composite JWST NIRCam image of distant galaxy JADES-GS-z13-0. An initial sample of four z>10 galaxies was spectroscopically confirmed by Curtis-Lake et al. at redshifts z~10.4-13.2. The most distant galaxies at z=13.20 and z=12.63 are newly discovered by JADES NIRCam imaging, while the z=10.38 and z=11.58 galaxies confirm previous photometric redshift estimates from the literature. The yellow-orange-red colours reflect the absorption of the F115W and F150W fluxes of these distant galaxies by the intervening intergalactic medium.

JADES-GS-z13-0 is a distant galaxy.

Short description: none

This article documents the most distant astronomical objects discovered and verified so far, and the time periods in which they were so classified.

For comparisons with the light travel distance of the astronomical objects listed below, the age of the universe since the Big Bang is currently estimated as 13.787±0.020 Gyr.^[1]

Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light. By their nature, very distant objects tend to be very faint, and these distance determinations are difficult and subject to errors. An important distinction is whether the distance is determined via spectroscopy or using a photometric redshift technique. The former is generally both more precise and also more reliable, in the sense that photometric redshifts are more prone to being wrong due to confusion with lower redshift sources that may have unusual spectra. For that reason, a spectroscopic redshift is conventionally regarded as being necessary for an object's distance to be considered definitely known, whereas photometrically determined redshifts identify "candidate" very distant sources. Here, this distinction is indicated by a "p" subscript for photometric redshifts.

The proper distance provides a measurement of how far a galaxy is at a fixed moment in time. At the present time the proper distance equals the comoving distance since the cosmological scale factor has value one: [math]\displaystyle{ a(t_0) = 1 }[/math]. The proper distance represents the distance obtained as if one were able to freeze the flow of time (set [math]\displaystyle{ dt = 0 }[/math] in the FLRW metric) and walk all the way to a galaxy while using a meter stick.^[2] For practical reasons, the proper distance is calculated as the distance traveled by light (set [math]\displaystyle{ ds = 0 }[/math] in the FLRW metric) from the time of emission by a galaxy to the time an observer (on Earth) receives the light signal. It differs from the “light travel distance” since the proper distance takes into account the expansion of the universe, i.e. the space expands as the light travels through it, resulting in numerical values which locate the most distant galaxies beyond the Hubble sphere and therefore with recession velocities greater than the speed of light c.^[3]

Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects

Most distant astronomical objects with spectroscopic redshift determinations
Image	Name	Redshift (z)	Light travel distance^§ (Gly)^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]	Proper distance (Gly)	Type	Notes
	JADES-GS-z13-0	z = 13.20+0.04 −0.07	13.576^[4] / 13.596^[5] / 13.474^[6] / 13.473^[7]	33.6	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.^[8] Possibly a dark star.^[9]
	UNCOVER-z13	z = 13.079+0.014 −0.001	13.51	32.56^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.^[10]
	JADES-GS-z12-0	z = 12.63+0.24 −0.08	13.556^[4] / 13.576^[5] / 13.454^[6] / 13.453^[7]	32.34^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.^[8] Possibly a dark star.^[9]
	UNCOVER-z12	z = 12.393+0.004 −0.001	13.48	32.21^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.^[10]
	GLASS-z12	z = 12.117+0.01 −0.01	13.536^[4] / 13.556^[5] / 13.434^[6] / 13.433^[7]	33.2	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST/NIRCam, confirmed by ALMA detection of [O III] emission^[11]
	UDFj-39546284	z = 11.58+0.05 −0.05	13.512^[4] / 13.532^[5] / 13.410^[6] / 13.409^[7]	31.77^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.^[8] Possibly a dark star.^[9]
	CEERS J141946.36+525632.8 (Maisie's Galaxy) ^[12]	z = 11.44+0.09 −0.08	13.4	31.69^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST
	CEERS2 588 ^[13]	z = 11.04	13.45	31.45^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST
	GN-z11	z = 10.6034 ± 0.0013	13.481^[4] / 13.501^[5] / 13.380^[6] / 13.379^[7]	31.18^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy; detection of the Lyman break with HST at 5.5σ^[14] and carbon emission lines with Keck/MOSFIRE at 5.3σ.^[15] Conclusive redshift by JWST in February 2023^[16]
	JADES-GS-z10-0 UDFj-39546284	z = 10.38+0.07 −0.06	13.449^[4] / 13.469^[5] / 13.348^[6] / 13.347^[7]	31.04^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec^[8]
	JD1	z = 9.793±0.002	13.409^[4] / 13.429^[5] / 13.308^[6] / 13.307^[7]	30.12^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec^[17]
	MACS1149-JD1	z = 9.1096±0.0006	13.361^[4] / 13.381^[5] / 13.261^[6] / 13.260^[7]	30.37	Galaxy	Detection of hydrogen emission line with the VLT, and oxygen line with ALMA^[18]
	EGSY8p7	z = 8.683+0.001 −0.004	13.325^[4] / 13.345^[5] / 13.225^[6] / 13.224^[7]	30.05	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter; detection of Lyman-alpha with Keck/MOSFIRE at 7.5σ confidence^[19]
	SMACS-4590	z = 8.496	13.308^[4] / 13.328^[5] / 13.208^[6] / 13.207^[7]	29.71^†	Galaxy	Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]
	A2744 YD4	z = 8.38	13.297^[4] / 13.317^[5] / 13.197^[6] / 13.196^[7]	29.50^†	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha and [O III] emission detected with ALMA at 4.0σ confidence^[24]
	MACS0416 Y1	z = 8.3118±0.0003	13.290^[4] / 13.310^[5] / 13.190^[6] / 13.189^[7]	29.44^†	Galaxy	[O III] emission detected with ALMA at 6.3σ confidence^[25]
	GRB 090423	z = 8.23+0.06 −0.07	13.282^[4] / 13.302^[5] / 13.182^[6] / 13.181^[7]	30	Gamma-ray burst	Lyman-alpha break detected^[26]
	RXJ2129-11002	z = 8.16±0.01	13.175^[4]	29.31^†	Galaxy	[O III] doublet, Hβ, and [O II] doublet as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism^[27]
	RXJ2129-11022	z = 8.15±0.01	13.174^[4]	29.30^†	Galaxy	[O III] doublet and Hβ as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism^[27]
	EGS-zs8-1	z = 7.7302±0.0006	13.228^[4] / 13.248^[5] / 13.129^[6] / 13.128^[7]	29.5	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy^[28]
	SMACS-6355	z = 7.665	13.221^[4] / 13.241^[5] / 13.121^[6] / 13.120^[7]	28.83	Galaxy	Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]
	z7_GSD_3811	z = 7.6637±0.0011	13.221^[4] / 13.240^[5] / 13.121^[6] / 13.120^[7]	28.83^†	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter^[29]
	SMACS-10612	z = 7.658	13.221^[4] / 13.241^[5] / 13.120^[6] / 13.119^[7]	28.83^†	Galaxy	Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec^[20]^[21]^[22]>^[23]
	QSO J0313–1806	z = 7.6423±0.0013	13.218^[4] / 13.238^[5] / 13.119^[6] / 13.118^[7]	30	Quasar
	ULAS J1342+0928	z = 7.5413±0.0007	13.206^[4] / 13.226^[5] / 13.107^[6] / 13.106^[7]	29.36	Quasar	Redshift estimated from [C II] emission^[30]
	z8 GND 5296	z = 7.51	13.202^[4] / 13.222^[5] / 13.103^[6] / 13.102^[7]	30.01	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter^[31]
	A1689-zD1	z = 7.5±0.2	13.201^[4] / 13.221^[5] / 13.102^[6] / 13.101^[7]	30	Galaxy
	GS2_1406	z = 7.452±0.003	13.195^[4] / 13.215^[5] / 13.096^[6] / 13.095^[7]	28.62^†	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter^[32]
	GN-108036	z = 7.213	13.164^[4] / 13.184^[5] / 13.065^[6] / 13.064^[7]	29	Galaxy	Lyman alpha emitter^[33]
	SXDF-NB1006-2	z = 7.2120±0.0003	13.164^[4] / 13.184^[5] / 13.065^[6] / 13.064^[7]	29	Galaxy	[O III] emission detected^[34]
	BDF-3299	z = 7.109±0.002	13.149^[4] / 13.169^[5] / 13.051^[6] / 13.050^[7]	28.25	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy^[35]
	ULAS J1120+0641	z = 7.085±0.003	13.146^[4] / 13.166^[5] / 13.048^[6] / 13.047^[7]	29.85	Quasar	Redshift estimated from Si III]+C III] and Mg II emission lines^[36]
	A1703 zD6	z = 7.045±0.004	13.140^[4] / 13.160^[5] / 13.042^[6] / 13.041^[7]	29	Galaxy	Gravitationally-lensed Lyman-alpha emitter^[37]
	BDF-521	z = 7.008±0.002	13.135^[4] / 13.155^[5] / 13.037^[6] / 13.036^[7]	28.43^†	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy^[35]
	G2_1408	z = 6.972±0.002	13.130^[4] / 13.150^[5] / 13.032^[6] / 13.030^[7]	28.10^†	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter^[38]
	IOK-1	z = 6.965	13.129^[4] / 13.149^[5] / 13.030^[6] / 13.029^[7]	28.09^†	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter^[33]
	LAE J095950.99+021219.1	z = 6.944	13.126^[4] / 13.146^[5] / 13.028^[6] / 13.027^[7]	28.07^†	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter^[39]
	SDF-46975	z = 6.844	13.111^[4] / 13.131^[5] / 13.013^[6] / 13.012^[7]	27.95^†	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter^[33]
	PSO J172.3556+18.7734	z = 6.823+0.003 −0.001	13.107^[4] / 13.127^[5] / 13.010^[6] / 13.009^[7]	27.93^†	Quasar (astrophysical jet)	Redshift estimated from Mg II emission^[40]
§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe † Numeric value obtained using Wright (2006)^[5] with [math]\displaystyle{ H_{0} }[/math] = 70, [math]\displaystyle{ \Omega_{CM} }[/math] = 0.30, [math]\displaystyle{ \Omega_{DE} }[/math] = 0.70.

Candidate most distant objects

Since the beginning of the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) science operations in June 2022, numerous distant galaxies far beyond what could be seen by the Hubble Space Telescope (z = 11) have been discovered thanks to the JWST's capability of seeing far into the infrared.^[41]^[42] Previously in 2012, there were about 50 possible objects z = 8 or farther, and another 100 candidates at z = 7, based on photometric redshift estimates released by the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) project from observations made between mid-2002 and December 2012.^[43] Some objects included here have been observed spectroscopically, but had only one emission line tentatively detected, and are therefore still considered candidates by researchers.^[44]^[45]

Notable candidates for most distant astronomical objects
Name	Redshift (z)	Light travel distance^§ (Gly)	Type	Notes
F200DB-045	z_p = 20.4+0.3 −0.3^[42] or 0.70+0.19 −0.55^[41] or 0.40+0.15 −0.26^[46]	13.725^[4] / 13.745^[5] / 13.623^[6] / 13.621^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42] NOTE: The redshift value of the galaxy presented by the procedure in one study^[41] may differ from the values presented in other studies using different procedures.^[42]^[47]^[46]
F200DB-175	z_p = 16.2+0.3 −0.0	13.657^[4] / 13.677^[5] / 13.555^[6] / 13.554^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
S5-z17-1	z = 16.0089±0.0004 or 4.6108±0.0001	13.653^[4] / 13.673^[5] / 13.551^[6] / 13.550^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST; tentative (5.1σ) ALMA detection of a single emission line possibly attributed to either [C II] (z = 4.6108±0.0001) or [O III] (z = 16.0089±0.0004).^[44]^[45]
F150DB-041	z_p = 16.0+0.2 −0.2^[42] or 3.70+0.02 −0.59^[41]	13.653^[4] / 13.673^[5] / 13.551^[6] / 13.549^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]^[41]
SMACS-z16a	z_p = 15.92+0.17 −0.15^[48] or 2.96+0.73 −0.21^[41]	13.651^[4] / 13.671^[5] / 13.549^[6] / 13.548^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[48]^[41]
F200DB-015	z_p = 15.8+3.4 −0.1	13.648^[4] / 13.668^[5] / 13.546^[6] / 13.545^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F200DB-181	z_p = 15.8+0.5 −0.3	13.648^[4] / 13.668^[5] / 13.546^[6] / 13.545^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F200DB-159	z_p = 15.8+4.0 −15.2	13.648^[4] / 13.668^[5] / 13.546^[6] / 13.545^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F200DB-086	z_p = 15.4+0.6 −14.6^[42] or 3.53+10.28 −1.84^[41]	13.639^[4] / 13.659^[5] / 13.537^[6] / 13.536^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]^[41]
SMACS-z16b	z_p = 15.32+0.16 −0.13^[48] or 15.39+0.18 −0.26^[41]	13.637^[4] / 13.657^[5] / 13.535^[6] / 13.534^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[48]^[41]
F150DB-048	z_p = 15.0+0.2 −0.8	13.629^[4] / 13.649^[5] / 13.527^[6] / 13.526^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DB-007	z_p = 14.6+0.4 −0.4	13.619^[4] / 13.639^[5] / 13.517^[6] / 13.516^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DB-004	z_p = 14.0+0.4 −2.0	13.602^[4] / 13.622^[5] / 13.500^[6] / 13.499^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DB-079	z_p = 13.8+0.5 −1.9	13.596^[4] / 13.616^[5] / 13.494^[6] / 13.493^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DA-007	z_p = 13.4+0.6 −2.0	13.583^[4] / 13.603^[5] / 13.481^[6] / 13.480^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DA-053	z_p = 13.4+0.3 −2.3	13.583^[4] / 13.603^[5] / 13.481^[6] / 13.480^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DA-050	z_p = 13.4+0.6 −10.0	13.583^[4] / 13.603^[5] / 13.481^[6] / 13.480^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DA-058	z_p = 13.4+0.6 −12.5^[42] 3.42+0.30 −0.20^[41]	13.583^[4] / 13.603^[5] / 13.481^[6] / 13.480^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]^[41]
F150DA-038	z_p = 13.4+0.4 −13.2	13.583^[4] / 13.603^[5] / 13.481^[6] / 13.480^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
HD1	z = 13.27	13.579^[4] / 13.599^[5] / 13.477^[6] / 13.476^[7]	Galaxy	Not yet spectroscopically confirmed. Guinness World Record of the most distant confirmed galaxy Lyman-break galaxy (5σ confidence) followed with a tentative ALMA detection of a single [O III] oxygen emission line only (4σ confidence)^[49]
F150DA-010	z_p = 12.8+0.6 −1.5	13.562^[4] / 13.582^[5] / 13.460^[6] / 13.459^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
S5-z12-1	z_p = 12.57+1.23 −0.46	13.553^[4] / 13.573^[5] / 13.452^[6] / 13.451^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[44]
CEERS-27535 4	z_p = 12.56+1.75 −0.27	13.553^[4] / 13.573^[5] / 13.452^[6] / 13.451^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
SMACS-1566	z_p = 12.29+1.50 −0.44	13.542^[4] / 13.562^[5] / 13.441^[6] / 13.440^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
SMACS-z12b (F150DA-077)	z_p = 12.26+0.17 −0.16^[48]^[41] or 13.4+0.4 −1.7^[42]	13.541^[4] / 13.561^[5] / 13.440^[6] / 13.439^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[48]^[41]^[42]
SMACS-z12a	z_p = 12.20+0.21 −0.12	13.539^[4] / 13.559^[5] / 13.437^[6] / 13.436^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[48]^[41]
CR2-z12-4	z_p = 12.08+2.11 −1.25	13.534^[4] / 13.554^[5] / 13.432^[6] / 13.431^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[44]
SMACS-10566	z_p = 12.03+0.57 −0.26	13.532^[4] / 13.552^[5] / 13.430^[6] / 13.429^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
XDFH-2395446286	z_p = 12.0+0.1 −0.2	13.530^[4] / 13.550^[5] / 13.429^[6] / 13.428^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy detected by JWST and Hubble^[51]
CR2-z12-2	z_p = 11.96+1.44 −0.87	13.529^[4] / 13.549^[5] / 13.427^[6] / 13.426^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[44]
9-BUSCAR	z_p = 11.91+0.10 −0.22	13.527^[4] / 13.547^[5] / 13.425^[6] / 13.424^[7]	Galaxy
SMACS-8347	z_p = 11.90+0.27 −0.39	13.526^[4] / 13.546^[5] / 13.425^[6] / 13.424^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
CEERS-26409 4	z_p = 11.90+1.60 −0.70	13.526^[4] / 13.546^[5] / 13.425^[6] / 13.424^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
F150DB-069	z_p = 11.8+1.7 −0.2	13.522^[4] / 13.542^[5] / 13.420^[6] / 13.419^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
XDFH-2334046578	z_p = 11.8+0.4 −0.5	13.522^[4] / 13.542^[5] / 13.420^[6] / 13.419^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy detected by JWST and Hubble^[51]
CR2-z12-3	z_p = 11.66+0.69 −0.71	13.515^[4] / 13.535^[5] / 13.414^[6] / 13.413^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[44]
CR2-z12-1	z_p = 11.63+0.51 −0.53	13.514^[4] / 13.534^[5] / 13.413^[6] / 13.412^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[44]
F150DB-088	z_p = 11.6+0.3 −0.2	13.513^[4] / 13.533^[5] / 13.411^[6] / 13.410^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DB-084	z_p = 11.6+0.4 −0.4	13.513^[4] / 13.533^[5] / 13.411^[6] / 13.410^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DB-044	z_p = 11.4+0.4 −11.3	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
XDFH-2404647339	z_p = 11.4+0.4 −0.5	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy detected by JWST and Hubble^[51]
F150DB-075	z_p = 11.4+0.4 −0.1^[42] 0.04+0.01 −0.01^[41]	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]^[41]
F150DA-062	z_p = 11.4+0.3 −0.3^[42] 1.78+0.20 −0.08^[41]	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]^[41]
CEERS-127682	z_p = 11.40+0.59 −0.51	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
CEERS-5268 2	z_p = 11.40+0.30 −1.11	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
F150DA-060	z_p = 11.4+0.6 −8.2	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DA-031	z_p = 11.4+1.0 −8.2	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DA-052	z_p = 11.4+0.8 −10.6	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DB-054	z_p = 11.4+0.5 −10.8	13.503^[4] / 13.523^[5] / 13.402^[6] / 13.401^[7]	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
SMACS-z11d	z_p = 11.28±0.32 or 2.35+0.30 −0.67		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[41]
CEERS-77241	z_p = 11.27+0.39 −0.70		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
CEERS-6647	z_p = 11.27+0.58 −0.28		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
CEERS-622 4	z_p = 11.27+0.48 −0.60		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
SMACS-z11c	z_p = 11.22±0.32 or 3.84+0.05 −0.04		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[41]
SMACS-z11b	z_p = 11.22±0.56 or 6.94+0.07 −0.07		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[41]
F150DA-005	z_p = 11.2+0.4 −0.3		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DA-020	z_p = 11.2+0.2 −7.9		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
CEERS-61486	z_p = 11.15+0.37 −0.35		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[50]
SMACS-z11e (F150DA-081)	z_p = 11.10+0.21 −0.34^[41] or 13.4+0.6 −2.2^[42]		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[41]^[42]
SMACS-z11a	z_p = 11.05+0.09 −0.08^[48] or 1.73+0.18 −0.04^[41]		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[48]^[41]
CR3-z12-1	z_p = 11.05+2.24 −0.47		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[44]
F150DA-026	z_p = 11.0+0.5 −0.3		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
F150DA-036	z_p = 11.0+0.4 −7.8		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
SMACS-z10e	z_p = 10.89+0.16 −0.14^[48] or 1.38+1.37 −0.24^[41]		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[48]^[41]
F150DB-040	z_p = 10.8+0.3 −0.2		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[42]
EGS-14506	z_p = 10.71+0.34 −0.62		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[52]
MACS0647-JD	z_p = 10.6±0.3		Galaxy	Gravitationally lensed into three images by a galaxy cluster; detected by JWST and Hubble^[53]^[54]
GLASS-z10 (GLASS-1698)^[50]	z = 10.38		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST; tentative (4.4σ) ALMA detection of [O III] emission line only^[55]^[56]
EGS-7860	z_p = 10.11+0.60 −0.82		Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST^[52]
SPT0615-JD	z_p = 9.9+0.8 −0.6	13.419^[4]	Galaxy	^[57]
A2744-JD	z_p≅9.8	13.412^[4]	Galaxy	Galaxy is being magnified and lensed into three multiple images, geometrically supporting its redshift.^[58]^[59]
MACS1149-JD1	z_p≅9.6	13.398^[4]^[60]	Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy
GRB 090429B	z_p≅9.4	13.383^[4]^[61]	Gamma-ray burst	^[62] The photometric redshift in this instance has quite large uncertainty, with the lower limit for the redshift being z>7.
UDFy-33436598	z_p≅8.6	13.317^[4]	Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy	^[63]
UDFy-38135539	z_p≅8.6	13.317^[4]	Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy	A spectroscopic redshift of z = 8.55 was claimed for this source in 2010,^[64] but has subsequently been shown to be mistaken.^[65]
BoRG-58	z_p≅8	13.258^[4]	Galaxy cluster or protocluster
§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe

List of most distant objects by type

Most distant object by type
Type	Object	Redshift (distance)	Notes
Any astronomical object, no matter what type	JADES-GS-z13-0	z = 13.20	Most distant galaxy with a spectroscopically-confirmed redshift (As of December 2022).^[8] These are data from Webb science in progress as of 9 December 2022, which has not yet been through the peer-review process. The estimated light-travel distance is about 13.6 billion light-years (and a proper distance of approximately 33.6 billion light-years (10.3 billion parsecs) from Earth due to the Universe's expansion since the light we now observe left it about 13.6 billion years ago).^[5] See also: List of galaxies
Galaxy or protogalaxy	JADES-GS-z13-0	z = 13.20
Galaxy cluster	CL J1001+0220	z ≅ 2.506	As of 2016^[66] See also: List of galaxy clusters
Galaxy supercluster	Hyperion proto-supercluster	z = 2.45	This supercluster at the time of its discovery in 2018 was the earliest and largest proto-supercluster found to date.^[67] See also: List of superclusters
Galaxy protocluster	A2744z7p9OD	z = 7.88	This protocluster at the time of its discovery in 2023 was the most distant protocluster found and spectroscopically confirmed to date.^[68] See also: List of galaxy groups and clusters
Quasar	UHZ1	z ~ 10.0	^[69] See also: List of quasars
Black hole	UHZ1	z ~ 10.0	^[69]
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse (detected by an event)	Progenitor of GRB 090423	z = 8.2	^[70]^[26] Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift z_p≅9.4,^[71] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation. See also: List of gamma-ray bursts Estimated an approximate distance of 13 billion lightyears from Earth
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse (detected as a star)	WHL0137-LS (Earendel)	z = 6.2 ± 0.1 (12.9 G ly)	Most distant individual star detected (March, 2022).^[72]^[73] Previous records include SDSS J1229+1122^[74] and MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1.^[75]
Star cluster	The Sparkler	z = 1.378 (13.9 G ly)	Galaxy with globular clusters gravitationally lensed in SMACS J0723.3-7327^[76]
System of star clusters	The Sparkler	z = 1.378 (13.9 G ly)
X-ray jet	PJ352–15 quasar jet	z = 5.831 (12.7 G ly)^[77]	The previous recordholder was at 12.4 Gly.^[78]^[79]
Microquasar	XMMU J004243.6+412519	(2.5 Mly)	First extragalactic microquasar discovered^[80]^[81]^[82]
Nebula-like object	Himiko	z = 6.595	Possibly one of the largest objects in the early universe.^[83]^[84]
Magnetic field	9io9	z = 2.554 (11.1 Gly)	Observations from ALMA has shown that the lensed galaxy 9io9 contains a magnetic field.
Planet	SWEEPS-11 / SWEEPS-04	(27,710 ly)	^[85] An analysis of the lightcurve of the microlensing event PA-99-N2 suggests the presence of a planet orbiting a star in the Andromeda Galaxy.^[86] A controversial microlensing event of lobe A of the double gravitationally lensed Q0957+561 suggests that there is a planet in the lensing galaxy lying at redshift 0.355 (3.7 Gly).^[87]^[88]

Most distant event by type
Type	Event	Redshift	Notes
Gamma-ray burst	GRB 090423	z = 8.2	^[70]^[26] Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift z_p≅9.4,^[71] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation. See also: List of gamma-ray bursts
Core collapse supernova	SN 1000+0216	z = 3.8993	^[89]
Type Ia supernova	SN UDS10Wil	z = 1.914	^[90]
Type Ia supernova	SN SCP-0401 (Mingus)	z = 1.71	First observed in 2004, it was not until 2013 that it could be identified as a Type-Ia SN.^[91]^[92]
Cosmic Decoupling	Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation creation	z~1000 to 1089	^[93]^[94]

Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders

Objects in this list were found to be the most distant object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.

Distances to astronomical objects may be determined through parallax measurements, use of standard references such as cepheid variables or Type Ia supernovas, or redshift measurement. Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, while photometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbol z represents redshift.

Most Distant Object Titleholders (not including candidates based on photometric redshifts)
Object	Type	Date	Distance (z = Redshift)	Notes
JADES-GS-z13-0	Galaxy	2022 - present	z = 13.20	^[8]
GN-z11	Galaxy	2016–2022	z = 10.6	^[14]^[15]
EGSY8p7	Galaxy	2015 − 2016	z = 8.68	^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98]
Progenitor of GRB 090423 / Remnant of GRB 090423	Gamma-ray burst progenitor / Gamma-ray burst remnant	2009 − 2015	z = 8.2	^[26]^[99]
IOK-1	Galaxy	2006 − 2009	z = 6.96	^[99]^[100]^[101]^[102]
SDF J132522.3+273520	Galaxy	2005 − 2006	z = 6.597	^[102]^[103]
SDF J132418.3+271455	Galaxy	2003 − 2005	z = 6.578	^[103]^[104]^[105]^[106]
HCM-6A	Galaxy	2002 − 2003	z = 6.56	The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first non-quasar galaxy found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z = 6.28^[104]^[105]^[107]^[108]^[109]^[110]
SDSS J1030+0524 (SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)	Quasar	2001 − 2002	z = 6.28	^[111]^[112]^[113]^[114]^[115]^[116]
SDSS 1044–0125 (SDSSp J104433.04–012502.2)	Quasar	2000 − 2001	z = 5.82	^[117]^[118]^[115]^[116]^[119]^[120]^[121]
SSA22-HCM1	Galaxy	1999 − 2000	z>=5.74	^[122]^[123]
HDF 4-473.0	Galaxy	1998 − 1999	z = 5.60	^[123]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)	Galaxy	1998	z = 5.34	^[124]^[125]^[126]^[123]^[127]
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2	Galaxies	1997 − 1998	z = 4.92	These were the most remote objects discovered at the time. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z = 0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe.^[125]^[128]^[129]^[126]^[123]^[130]
PC 1247–3406	Quasar	1991 − 1997	z = 4.897	^[117]^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134]
PC 1158+4635	Quasar	1989 − 1991	z = 4.73	^[117]^[134]^[135]^[136]^[137]^[138]
Q0051–279	Quasar	1987 − 1989	z = 4.43	^[139]^[135]^[138]^[140]^[141]^[142]
Q0000–26 (QSO B0000–26)	Quasar	1987	z = 4.11	^[139]^[135]^[143]
PC 0910+5625 (QSO B0910+5625)	Quasar	1987	z = 4.04	This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.^[117]^[135]^[144]^[145]
Q0046–293 (QSO J0048–2903)	Quasar	1987	z = 4.01	^[139]^[135]^[144]^[146]^[147]
Q1208+1011 (QSO B1208+1011)	Quasar	1986 − 1987	z = 3.80	This is a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″.^[144]^[148]^[149]
PKS 2000-330 (QSO J2003–3251, Q2000–330)	Quasar	1982 − 1986	z = 3.78	^[144]^[150]^[151]
OQ172 (QSO B1442+101)	Quasar	1974 − 1982	z = 3.53	^[152]^[153]^[154]
OH471 (QSO B0642+449)	Quasar	1973 − 1974	z = 3.408	Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".^[152]^[154]^[155]^[156]^[157]
4C 05.34	Quasar	1970 − 1973	z = 2.877	Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.^[154]^[158]^[159]^[160]
5C 02.56 (7C 105517.75+495540.95)	Quasar	1968 − 1970	z = 2.399	^[130]^[160]^[161]
4C 25.05 (4C 25.5)	Quasar	1968	z = 2.358	^[130]^[160]^[162]
PKS 0237–23 (QSO B0237–2321)	Quasar	1967 − 1968	z = 2.225	^[158]^[162]^[163]^[164]^[165]
4C 12.39 (Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)	Quasar	1966 − 1967	z = 2.1291	^[130]^[165]^[166]^[167]
4C 01.02 (Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)	Quasar	1965 − 1966	z = 2.0990	^[130]^[165]^[166]^[168]
3C 9	Quasar	1965	z = 2.018	^[165]^[169]^[170]^[171]^[172]^[173]
3C 147	Quasar	1964 − 1965	z = 0.545	^[174]^[175]^[176]^[177]
3C 295	Radio galaxy	1960 − 1964	z = 0.461	^[123]^[130]^[178]^[179]^[180]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)	Brightest cluster galaxy	1951 − 1960	z = 0.2 (V = 61000 km/s)	This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08^h 55^m 4^s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).^[123]^[180]^[181]^[182]^[183]^[184]^[185]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)	Brightest cluster galaxy	1936 –	z = 0.13 (V = 39000 km/s)	The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes Cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14^h 30^m 6^s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.^[184]^[186]^[187]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)	Brightest cluster galaxy	1932 –	z = 0.075 (V = 23000 km/s)	This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07^h 05^m 0^s +35° 04′^[186]^[188]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster	Brightest cluster galaxy	1931 − 1932	z = (V = 19700 km/s)	^[188]^[189]^[190]^[191]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster	Brightest cluster galaxy	1930 − 1931	z = (V = 11700 km/s)	^[191]^[192]
NGC 4860	Galaxy	1929 − 1930	z = 0.026 (V = 7800 km/s)	^[192]^[193]^[194]
NGC 7619	Galaxy	1929	z = 0.012 (V = 3779 km/s)	Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, which became accepted widely as an inferred distance.^[193]^[195]^[196]
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)	Galaxy	1921 − 1929	z = 0.006 (V = 1800 km/s)	At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.^[184]^[193]^[195]^[197]^[198]^[199]^[200]
M104 (NGC 4594)	Galaxy	1913 − 1921	z = 0.004 (V = 1180 km/s)	This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda – which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was measured originally as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.^[193]^[197]^[200]
Arcturus (Alpha Bootis)	Star	1891 − 1910	160 ly (18 mas) (this is very inaccurate, true=37 ly)	This number is wrong; originally announced in 1891, the figure was corrected in 1910 to 40 ly (60 mas). From 1891 to 1910, it had been thought this was the star with the smallest known parallax, hence the most distant star whose distance was known. Prior to 1891, Arcturus had previously been recorded of having a parallax of 127 mas.^[201]^[202]^[203]^[204]
Capella (Alpha Aurigae)	Star	1849-1891	72 ly (46 mas)	^[205]^[206]^[207]
Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)	Star	1847 - 1849	50 ly (80 mas) (this is very inaccurate, true=~375 ly)	^[208]^[209]
Vega (Alpha Lyrae)	Star (part of a double star pair)	1839 - 1847	7.77 pc (125 mas)	^[208]
61 Cygni	Binary star	1838 − 1839	3.48 pc (313.6 mas)	This was the first star other than the Sun to have its distance measured.^[208]^[210]^[211]
Uranus	Planet of the Solar System	1781 − 1838	18 AU	This was the last planet discovered before the first successful measurement of stellar parallax. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
Saturn	Planet of the Solar System	1619 − 1781	10 AU	From Kepler's Third Law, it was finally determined that Saturn is indeed the outermost of the classical planets, and its distance derived. It had only previously been conjectured to be the outermost, due to it having the longest orbital period, and slowest orbital motion. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
Mars	Planet of the Solar System	1609 − 1619	2.6 AU when Mars is diametrically opposed to Earth	Kepler correctly characterized Mars and Earth's orbits in the publication Astronomia nova. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
Sun	Star	3rd century BC — 1609	380 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=16000 Earth radii)	Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from the Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The distance to the Moon was described in Earth radii (20, also inaccurate). The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously. At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured. The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances from the Sun of the five known planets that were not Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
Moon	Moon of a planet	3rd century BC	20 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=64 Earth radii)	Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Moon. The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously.
* z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion mas represents parallax, a measure of angle and distance can be determined through trigonometry

List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant

This list contains a list of most distant objects by year of discovery of the object, not the determination of its distance. Objects may have been discovered without distance determination, and were found subsequently to be the most distant known at that time. However, object must have been named or described. An object like OJ 287 is ignored even though it was detected as early as 1891 using photographic plates, but ignored until the advent of radiotelescopes.

Examples
Year of record	Modern light travel distance (Mly)	Object	Type	Detected using	First record by ⁽¹⁾
964	2.5^[212]	Andromeda Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	naked eye	Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi^[213]
1654	3	Triangulum Galaxy	Spiral galaxy	refracting telescope	Giovanni Battista Hodierna^[214]
1785	76.4^[215]	NGC 584	Galaxy		William Herschel
1880s	206 ± 29^[216]	NGC 1	Spiral galaxy		Dreyer, Herschel
1959	2,400^[217]	3C 273	Quasar	Parkes Radio Telescope	Maarten Schmidt, Bev Oke^[218]
1960	5,000^[219]	3C 295	Radio galaxy	Palomar Observatory	Rudolph Minkowski
Data missing from table
2009	13,000^[220]	GRB 090423	Gamma-ray burst progenitor	Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission	Krimm, H. et al.^[221]

References

↑ Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics 641: page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. Bibcode: 2020A&A...641A...6P.
↑ Guidry, Mike (2019). Modern general relativity: black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. Cambridge New York: Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-1-107-19789-3.
↑ Davis, Tamara M.; Lineweaver, Charles H. (2004). "Expanding Confusion: Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe" (in en). Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 21 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1071/AS03040. ISSN 1323-3580. Bibcode: 2004PASA...21...97D. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S132335800000607X/type/journal_article.
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 ^4.16 ^4.17 ^4.18 ^4.19 ^4.20 ^4.21 ^4.22 ^4.23 ^4.24 ^4.25 ^4.26 ^4.27 ^4.28 ^4.29 ^4.30 ^4.31 ^4.32 ^4.33 ^4.34 ^4.35 ^4.36 ^4.37 ^4.38 ^4.39 ^4.40 ^4.41 ^4.42 ^4.43 ^4.44 ^4.45 ^4.46 ^4.47 ^4.48 ^4.49 ^4.50 ^4.51 ^4.52 ^4.53 ^4.54 ^4.55 ^4.56 ^4.57 ^4.58 ^4.59 ^4.60 ^4.61 ^4.62 ^4.63 ^4.64 ^4.65 ^4.66 ^4.67 ^4.68 ^4.69 ^4.70 ^4.71 ^4.72 ^4.73 ^4.74 ^4.75 ^4.76 ^4.77 ^4.78 ^4.79 ^4.80 ^4.81 ^4.82 ^4.83 ^4.84 ^4.85 ^4.86 ^4.87 ^4.88 ^4.89 ^4.90 ^4.91 Staff (2015). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/ACC.html. Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using the UCLA Cosmological Calculator, with parameters values as of 2015: H₀=67.74 and Omega_M=0.3089 (see Table/Planck2015 at "Lambda-CDM model" )
↑ ^5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 ^5.13 ^5.14 ^5.15 ^5.16 ^5.17 ^5.18 ^5.19 ^5.20 ^5.21 ^5.22 ^5.23 ^5.24 ^5.25 ^5.26 ^5.27 ^5.28 ^5.29 ^5.30 ^5.31 ^5.32 ^5.33 ^5.34 ^5.35 ^5.36 ^5.37 ^5.38 ^5.39 ^5.40 ^5.41 ^5.42 ^5.43 ^5.44 ^5.45 ^5.46 ^5.47 ^5.48 ^5.49 ^5.50 ^5.51 ^5.52 ^5.53 ^5.54 ^5.55 ^5.56 ^5.57 ^5.58 ^5.59 ^5.60 ^5.61 ^5.62 ^5.63 ^5.64 ^5.65 ^5.66 ^5.67 ^5.68 ^5.69 ^5.70 ^5.71 ^5.72 ^5.73 ^5.74 ^5.75 ^5.76 ^5.77 ^5.78 ^5.79 ^5.80 ^5.81 ^5.82 ^5.83 ^5.84 Staff (2018). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/ACC.html. Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using the UCLA Cosmological Calculator, with parameters values as of 2018: H₀=67.4 and Omega_M=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model" )
↑ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 ^6.16 ^6.17 ^6.18 ^6.19 ^6.20 ^6.21 ^6.22 ^6.23 ^6.24 ^6.25 ^6.26 ^6.27 ^6.28 ^6.29 ^6.30 ^6.31 ^6.32 ^6.33 ^6.34 ^6.35 ^6.36 ^6.37 ^6.38 ^6.39 ^6.40 ^6.41 ^6.42 ^6.43 ^6.44 ^6.45 ^6.46 ^6.47 ^6.48 ^6.49 ^6.50 ^6.51 ^6.52 ^6.53 ^6.54 ^6.55 ^6.56 ^6.57 ^6.58 ^6.59 ^6.60 ^6.61 ^6.62 ^6.63 ^6.64 ^6.65 ^6.66 ^6.67 ^6.68 ^6.69 ^6.70 ^6.71 ^6.72 ^6.73 ^6.74 ^6.75 ^6.76 ^6.77 ^6.78 ^6.79 ^6.80 ^6.81 ^6.82 Staff (2022). "ICRAR Cosmology Calculator". International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research. https://cosmocalc.icrar.org/. ICRAR Cosmology Calculator - Set H₀=67.4 and Omega_M=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model")
↑ ^7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 ^7.14 ^7.15 ^7.16 ^7.17 ^7.18 ^7.19 ^7.20 ^7.21 ^7.22 ^7.23 ^7.24 ^7.25 ^7.26 ^7.27 ^7.28 ^7.29 ^7.30 ^7.31 ^7.32 ^7.33 ^7.34 ^7.35 ^7.36 ^7.37 ^7.38 ^7.39 ^7.40 ^7.41 ^7.42 ^7.43 ^7.44 ^7.45 ^7.46 ^7.47 ^7.48 ^7.49 ^7.50 ^7.51 ^7.52 ^7.53 ^7.54 ^7.55 ^7.56 ^7.57 ^7.58 ^7.59 ^7.60 ^7.61 ^7.62 ^7.63 ^7.64 ^7.65 ^7.66 ^7.67 ^7.68 ^7.69 ^7.70 ^7.71 ^7.72 ^7.73 ^7.74 ^7.75 ^7.76 ^7.77 ^7.78 ^7.79 ^7.80 ^7.81 ^7.82 Kempner, Joshua (2022). "KEMPNER Cosmology Calculator". Kempner.net. https://www.kempner.net/cosmic.php. KEMP Cosmology Calculator - Set H₀=67.4, Omega_M=0.315, and Omega_Λ=0.6847 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model")
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 Robertson, B. E. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy 7 (5): 611–621. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. Bibcode: 2023NatAs...7..611R.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Ilie, Cosmin; Paulin, Jillian; Freese, Katherine (2023-07-25). "Supermassive Dark Star candidates seen by JWST" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (30): e2305762120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2305762120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 37433001. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12005762I.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Wang, Bingjie (2023-11-13). "UNCOVER: Illuminating the Early Universe—JWST/NIRSpec Confirmation of z > 12 Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 957 (2): L34. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acfe07. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...957L..34W.
↑ Bakx, Tom J. L. C. (January 2023). "Deep ALMA redshift search of a z~12 GLASS-JWST galaxy candidate". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 519 (4): 5076–5085. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3723.
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↑ Harikane, Yuichi; Nakajima, Kimihiko; Ouchi, Masami; et al. (2023). "Pure Spectroscopic Constraints on UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star Formation History From 25 Galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=8.61-13.20$ Confirmed with JWST/NIRSpec". arXiv:2304.06658v3 [astro-ph.GA].
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↑ New Scientist, "First generation of galaxies glimpsed forming", 'David Shiga ', 19:01 13 September 2006 (accessed 2009/11/11)
↑ Iye, M; Ota, K; Kashikawa, N; Furusawa, H; Hashimoto, T; Hattori, T; Matsuda, Y; Morokuma, T et al. (2006). "A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96". Nature 443 (7108): 186–8. doi:10.1038/nature05104. PMID 16971942. Bibcode: 2006Natur.443..186I.
↑ ^102.0 ^102.1 Taniguchi, Yoshi (23 June 2008). "Star Forming Galaxies at z > 5". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3 (S250): 429–436. doi:10.1017/S1743921308020796. Bibcode: 2008IAUS..250..429T.
↑ ^103.0 ^103.1 Taniguchi, Yoshiaki; Ajiki, Masaru; Nagao, Tohru; Shioya, Yasuhiro; Murayama, Takashi; Kashikawa, Nobunari; Kodaira, Keiichi; Kaifu, Norio et al. (2005). "The SUBARU Deep Field Project: Lymanα Emitters at a Redshift of 6.6". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 57: 165–182. doi:10.1093/pasj/57.1.165. Bibcode: 2005PASJ...57..165T. http://pasj.asj.or.jp/v57/n1/570114/57012649.pdf.
↑ ^104.0 ^104.1 BBC News, Most distant galaxy detected, Tuesday, 25 March 2003, 14:28 GMT
↑ ^105.0 ^105.1 SpaceRef, Subaru Telescope Detects the Most Distant Galaxy Yet and Expects Many More, Monday, March 24, 2003
↑ Kodaira, K.; Taniguchi, Y.; Kashikawa, N.; Kaifu, N.; Ando, H.; Karoji, H.; Ajiki, Masaru; Akiyama, Masayuki et al. (2003). "The Discovery of Two Lyman$α$ Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 55 (2): L17. doi:10.1093/pasj/55.2.L17. Bibcode: 2003PASJ...55L..17K.
↑ New Scientist, New record for Universe's most distant object, 17:19 14 March 2002
↑ BBC News, Far away stars light early cosmos, Thursday, 14 March 2002, 11:38 GMT
↑ Hu, E. M. (2002). "A Redshift z = 6.56 Galaxy behind the Cluster Abell 370". The Astrophysical Journal 568 (2): L75–L79. doi:10.1086/340424. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...568L..75H.
↑ "K2.1 HCM 6A — Discovery of a redshift z = 6.56 galaxy lying behind the cluster Abell 370". Hera.ph1.uni-koeln.de. 2008-04-14. http://hera.ph1.uni-koeln.de/~heintzma/U/Lens.htm.
↑ Pentericci, L.; Fan, X.; Rix, H. W.; Strauss, M. A.; Narayanan, V. K.; Richards, G T.; Schneider, D. P.; Krolik, J. et al. (2002). "VLT observations of the z = 6.28 quasar SDSS 1030+0524". The Astronomical Journal 123 (5): 2151. doi:10.1086/340077. Bibcode: 2002AJ....123.2151P.
↑ The Astrophysical Journal, 578:702–707, 20 October 2002, A Constraint on the Gravitational Lensing Magnification and Age of the Redshift z = 6.28 Quasar SDSS 1030+0524
↑ White, Richard L.; Becker, Robert H.; Fan, Xiaohui; Strauss, Michael A. (2003). "Probing the Ionization State of the Universe atz>6". The Astronomical Journal 126 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1086/375547. Bibcode: 2003AJ....126....1W.
↑ Farrah, D.; Priddey, R.; Wilman, R.; Haehnelt, M.; McMahon, R. (2004). "The X-Ray Spectrum of the z = 6.30 QSO SDSS J1030+0524". The Astrophysical Journal 611 (1): L13–L16. doi:10.1086/423669. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...611L..13F.
↑ ^115.0 ^115.1 PennState Eberly College of Science, Discovery Announced of Two Most Distant Objects , June 2001
↑ ^116.0 ^116.1 SDSS, Early results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: From under our nose to the edge of the universe, June 2001
↑ ^117.0 ^117.1 ^117.2 ^117.3 PennState – Eberly College of Science – Science Journal – Summer 2000 – Vol. 17, No. 1 International Team of Astronomers Finds Most Distant Object
↑ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 522:L9–L12, 1999 September 1, An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74
↑ PennState Eberly College of Science, X-rays from the Most Distant Quasar Captured with the XMM-Newton Satellite , Dec 2000
↑ UW-Madison Astronomy, Confirmed High Redshift (z > 5.5) Galaxies – (Last Updated 10th February 2005)
↑ SPACE.com, Most Distant Object in Universe Comes Closer, 01 December 2000
↑ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 522:L9–L12, September 1, 1999, An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74
↑ ^123.0 ^123.1 ^123.2 ^123.3 ^123.4 ^123.5 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 111: 1475–1502, 1999 December; Search Techniques for Distant Galaxies; Introduction
↑ New York Times, Peering Back in Time, Astronomers Glimpse Galaxies Aborning, October 20, 1998
↑ ^125.0 ^125.1 Astronomy Picture of the Day, A Baby Galaxy, March 24, 1998
↑ ^126.0 ^126.1 Dey, Arjun; Spinrad, Hyron; Stern, Daniel; Graham, James R.; Chaffee, Frederic H. (1998). "A Galaxy at z = 5.34". The Astrophysical Journal 498 (2): L93. doi:10.1086/311331. Bibcode: 1998ApJ...498L..93D.
↑ "A New Most Distant Object: z = 5.34". Astro.ucla.edu. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/old_new_cosmo.html#12Mar98.
↑ Astronomy Picture of the Day, Behind CL1358+62: A New Farthest Object, July 31, 1997
↑ Franx, Marijn; Illingworth, Garth D.; Kelson, Daniel D.; Van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Tran, Kim-Vy (1997). "A Pair of Lensed Galaxies at z = 4.92 in the Field of CL 1358+62". The Astrophysical Journal 486 (2): L75. doi:10.1086/310844. Bibcode: 1997ApJ...486L..75F.
↑ ^130.0 ^130.1 ^130.2 ^130.3 ^130.4 ^130.5 Illingworth, Garth (1999). "Galaxies at High Redshift". Astrophysics and Space Science 269/270: 165–181. doi:10.1023/a:1017052809781. Bibcode: 1999Ap&SS.269..165I. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Illingworth/Ill8.html.
↑ Smith, J. D.; Djorgovski, S.; Thompson, D.; Brisken, W. F.; Neugebauer, G.; Matthews, K.; Meylan, G.; Piotto, G. et al. (1994). "Multicolor detection of high-redshift quasars, 2: Five objects with Z greater than or approximately equal to 4". The Astronomical Journal 108: 1147. doi:10.1086/117143. Bibcode: 1994AJ....108.1147S. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/74253/2/1994AJ____108_1147S.pdf.
↑ New Scientist, issue 1842, 10 October 1992, page 17, Science: Infant galaxy's light show
↑ FermiLab Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar December 8, 1998
↑ ^134.0 ^134.1 Hook, Isobel M.; McMahon, Richard G. (1998). "Discovery of radio-loud quasars with z = 4.72 and z = 4.01". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 294 (1): L7–L12. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01368.x. Bibcode: 1998MNRAS.294L...7H.
↑ ^135.0 ^135.1 ^135.2 ^135.3 ^135.4 Turner, Edwin L. (1991). "Quasars and galaxy formation. I – the Z greater than 4 objects". Astronomical Journal 101: 5. doi:10.1086/115663. Bibcode: 1991AJ....101....5T.
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 1158+4635, QSO B1158+4635 -- Quasar
↑ Cowie, Lennox L. (1991). "Young Galaxies". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 647 (1 Texas/ESO–Cer): 31–41. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb32157.x. Bibcode: 1991NYASA.647...31C.
↑ ^138.0 ^138.1 New York Times, Peering to Edge of Time, Scientists Are Astonished, November 20, 1989
↑ ^139.0 ^139.1 ^139.2 Warren, S. J.; Hewett, P. C.; Osmer, P. S.; Irwin, M. J. (1987). "Quasars of redshift z = 4.43 and z = 4.07 in the South Galactic Pole field". Nature 330 (6147): 453. doi:10.1038/330453a0. Bibcode: 1987Natur.330..453W.
↑ Levshakov, S. A. (1989). "Absorption spectra of quasars". Astrophysics 29 (2): 657–671. doi:10.1007/BF01005972. Bibcode: 1988Ap.....29..657L.
↑ New York Times , Objects Detected in Universe May Be the Most Distant Ever Sighted, January 14, 1988
↑ New York Times, Astronomers Peer Deeper Into Cosmos, May 10, 1988
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0000-26, QSO B0000-26 – Quasar
↑ ^144.0 ^144.1 ^144.2 ^144.3 Schmidt, Maarten; Schneider, Donald P.; Gunn, James E. (1987). "PC 0910 + 5625 – an optically selected quasar with a redshift of 4.04". Astrophysical Journal 321: L7. doi:10.1086/184996. Bibcode: 1987ApJ...321L...7S.
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 0910+5625, QSO B0910+5625 -- Quasar
↑ Warren, S. J.; Hewett, P. C.; Irwin, M. J.; McMahon, R. G.; Bridgeland, M. T.; Bunclark, P. S.; Kibblewhite, E. J. (1987). "First observation of a quasar with a redshift of 4". Nature 325 (6100): 131. doi:10.1038/325131a0. Bibcode: 1987Natur.325..131W.
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0046-293, QSO J0048-2903 -- Quasar
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1208+1011, QSO B1208+1011 – Quasar
↑ New Scientist, Quasar doubles help to fix the Hubble constant, 16 November 1991
↑ Orwell Astronomical Society (Ipswich) – OASI; Archived Astronomy News Items, 1972–1997
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PKS 2000-330, QSO J2003-3251 – Quasar
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↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OQ172, QSO B1442+101 – Quasar
↑ ^154.0 ^154.1 ^154.2 "QUASARS – THREE YEARS LATER". http://www.reciprocalsystem.com/ce/q3y.htm.
↑ Time Magazine, The Edge of Night, Monday, Apr. 23, 1973
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OH471, QSO B0642+449 – Quasar
↑ Warren, S J; Hewett, P C (1990). "The detection of high-redshift quasars". Reports on Progress in Physics 53 (8): 1095. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/53/8/003. Bibcode: 1990RPPh...53.1095W.
↑ ^158.0 ^158.1 The Structure of the Physical Universe, Volume III – The Universe of Motion, CHAPTER 23 – Quasar Redshifts , by Dewey Bernard Larson ISBN:0-913138-11-8, 1984
↑ Bahcall, John N.; Oke, J. B. (1971). "Some Inferences from Spectrophotometry of Quasi-Stellar Sources". Astrophysical Journal 163: 235. doi:10.1086/150762. Bibcode: 1971ApJ...163..235B.
↑ ^160.0 ^160.1 ^160.2 Lynds, R.; Wills, D. (1970). "The Unusually Large Redshift of 4C 05.34". Nature 226 (5245): 532. doi:10.1038/226532a0. PMID 16057373. Bibcode: 1970Natur.226..532L.
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : 5C 02.56, 7C 105517.75+495540.95 – Quasar
↑ ^162.0 ^162.1 Burbidge, Geoffrey (1968). "The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N-Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal 154: L41. doi:10.1086/180265. Bibcode: 1968ApJ...154L..41B.
↑ Time Magazine, A Farther-Out Quasar, Friday, Apr. 07, 1967
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B0237-2321, QSO B0237-2321 – Quasar
↑ ^165.0 ^165.1 ^165.2 ^165.3 Burbidge, Geoffrey (1967). "On the Wavelengths of the Absorption Lines in Quasi-Stellar Objects". Astrophysical Journal 147: 851. doi:10.1086/149072. Bibcode: 1967ApJ...147..851B.
↑ ^166.0 ^166.1 Time Magazine, The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 – Quasar
↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 – Quasar
↑ Time Magazine, Toward the Edge of the Universe, Friday, May. 21, 1965
↑ Time Magazine, The Quasi-Quasars, Friday, Jun. 18, 1965
↑ The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology p. 379 by Malcolm S. Longair – 2006
↑ Schmidt, Maarten (1965). "Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources". Astrophysical Journal 141: 1295. doi:10.1086/148217. Bibcode: 1965ApJ...141.1295S.
↑ The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars, 1965
↑ Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A. (1965). "Redshifts of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147". Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse: 269. Bibcode: 1965qssg.conf..269S.
↑ Schneider, Donald P.; Van Gorkom, J. H.; Schmidt, Maarten; Gunn, James E. (1992). "Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I – VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM". Astronomical Journal 103: 1451. doi:10.1086/116159. Bibcode: 1992AJ....103.1451S.
↑ Time Magazine, Finding the Fastest Galaxy: 76,000 Miles per Second , Friday, Apr. 10, 1964
↑ Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A. (1964). "Redshift of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147". Astrophysical Journal 139: 781. doi:10.1086/147815. Bibcode: 1964ApJ...139..781S.
↑ "The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars". http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/qso.txt.
↑ McCarthy, Patrick J. (1993). "High Redshift Radio Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 31: 639–688. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.003231. Bibcode: 1993ARA&A..31..639M.
↑ ^180.0 ^180.1 Sandage, Allan (1961). "The Ability of the 200-INCH Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models". Astrophysical Journal 133: 355. doi:10.1086/147041. Bibcode: 1961ApJ...133..355S.
↑ Hubble, E. P. (1953). "The law of red shifts (George Darwin Lecture)". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 113 (6): 658–666. doi:10.1093/mnras/113.6.658. Bibcode: 1953MNRAS.113..658H.
↑ Sandage, Allan. "Observational Tests of World Models: 6.1. Local Tests for Linearity of the Redshift-Distance Relation". Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1988 (26): 561–630. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept01/Sandage/Sand6.html.
↑ Humason, M. L.; Mayall, N. U.; Sandage, A. R. (1956). "Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae". Astronomical Journal 61: 97. doi:10.1086/107297. Bibcode: 1956AJ.....61...97H.
↑ ^184.0 ^184.1 ^184.2 "1053 May 8 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society". The Observatory 73: 97. 1953. Bibcode: 1953Obs....73...97..
↑ Merrill, Paul W. (1958). "From Atoms to Galaxies". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets 7 (349): 393. Bibcode: 1958ASPL....7..393M.
↑ ^186.0 ^186.1 Humason, M. L. (January 1936). "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal 83: 10. doi:10.1086/143696. Bibcode: 1936ApJ....83...10H.
↑ "The First 50 Years At Palomar: 1949–1999; The Early Years of Stellar Evolution, Cosmology, and High-Energy Astrophysics'; 5.2.1. The Mount Wilson Years; Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1999. 37: 445–486
↑ ^188.0 ^188.1 Chant, C. A. (1 April 1932). "Notes and Queries (Doings at Mount Wilson-Ritchey's Photographic Telescope-Infra-red Photographic Plates)". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 26: 180. Bibcode: 1932JRASC..26..180C.
↑ Humason, Milton L. (July 1931). "Apparent Velocity-Shifts in the Spectra of Faint Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal 74: 35. doi:10.1086/143287. Bibcode: 1931ApJ....74...35H.
↑ Hubble, Edwin; Humason, Milton L. (July 1931). "The Velocity-Distance Relation among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal 74: 43. doi:10.1086/143323. Bibcode: 1931ApJ....74...43H.
↑ ^191.0 ^191.1 Humason, M. L. (1 January 1931). "The Large Apparent Velocities of Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 1 (37): 149. Bibcode: 1931ASPL....1..149H.
↑ ^192.0 ^192.1 Humason, M. L. (1930). "The Rayton short-focus spectrographic objective". Astrophysical Journal 71: 351. doi:10.1086/143255. Bibcode: 1930ApJ....71..351H.
↑ ^193.0 ^193.1 ^193.2 ^193.3 Trimble, Virginia (1996). "H_0: The Incredible Shrinking Constant, 1925–1975". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 108: 1073. doi:10.1086/133837. Bibcode: 1996PASP..108.1073T. https://escholarship.org/content/qt0tg0q2qx/qt0tg0q2qx.pdf?t=nlq2m6.
↑ "The Berkeley Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, June 20–21, 1929". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 41 (242): 244. 1929. doi:10.1086/123945. Bibcode: 1929PASP...41..244..
↑ ^195.0 ^195.1 From the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; Volume 15 : March 15, 1929 : Number 3; The Large Radial Velocity of N. G. C. 7619; January 17, 1929
↑ The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada / Journal de la Société Royale D'astronomie du Canada; Vol. 83, No. 6 December 1989 Whole No. 621; EDWIN HUBBLE 1889–1953
↑ ^197.0 ^197.1 National Academy of Sciences; Biographical Memoirs: V. 52 – Vesto Melvin Slipher; ISBN:0-309-03099-4
↑ Bailey, S. I. (1920). "Comet Skjellerup". Harvard College Observatory Bulletin 739: 1. Bibcode: 1920BHarO.739....1B.
↑ New York Times, DREYER NEBULA NO. 584 Inconceivably Distant; Dr. Slipher Says the Celestial Speed Champion Is 'Many Millions of Light Years' Away.; January 19, 1921, Wednesday
↑ ^200.0 ^200.1 New York Times, Nebula Dreyer Breaks All Sky Speed Records; Portion of the Constellation of Cetus Is Rushing Along at Rate of 1,240 Miles a Second.; January 18, 1921, Tuesday
↑ Hawera & Normanby Star, "Items of Interest", 29 December 1910, Volume LX, page 3 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
↑ Evening Star (San Jose), "Colossal Arcturus", Pittsburgh Dispatch, 10 June 1910 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
↑ Nelson Evening Mail, "British Bloodthirstiness", 2 November 1891, Volume XXV, Issue 230, Page 3 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
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↑ "The Three Heavens", Josiah Crampton, William Hunt and Company (1876), p.164
↑ (in German) Kosmos: Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung, Volume 4, Alexander von Humboldt, J. G. Cotta (1858), p.195
↑ "Outlines of Astronomy", John F. W. Herschel, Longman & Brown (1849), ch. 'Parallax of Stars', p.551 (section 851)
↑ ^208.0 ^208.1 ^208.2 The North American Review, "The Observatory at Pulkowa", FGW Struve, Volume 69 Issue 144 (July 1849)
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↑ SEDS, "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (July 22, 1784 – March 17, 1846)" . Retrieved 11 November 2009.
↑ Harper's New Monthly Magazine, "Some Talks of an Astronomer", Simon Newcomb, Volume 0049 Issue 294 (November 1874), pp.827 (accessed 2009-Nov-11)
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↑ Kepple, George Robert; Glen W. Sanner (1998). The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 1. Willmann-Bell, Inc.. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-943396-58-3.
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↑ Variable Star Of The Season
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↑ Krimm, H. (2009). "GRB 090423: Swift detection of a burst". GCN Circulars 9198: 1. Bibcode: 2009GCN..9198....1K. http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3/9198.gcn3.

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[Planck_2018age-1] Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics 641: page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. Bibcode: 2020A&A...641A...6P.

[2] Guidry, Mike (2019). Modern general relativity: black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. Cambridge New York: Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-1-107-19789-3.

[3] Davis, Tamara M.; Lineweaver, Charles H. (2004). "Expanding Confusion: Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe" (in en). Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 21 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1071/AS03040. ISSN 1323-3580. Bibcode: 2004PASA...21...97D. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S132335800000607X/type/journal_article.

[UCLA-2015-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 ^4.16 ^4.17 ^4.18 ^4.19 ^4.20 ^4.21 ^4.22 ^4.23 ^4.24 ^4.25 ^4.26 ^4.27 ^4.28 ^4.29 ^4.30 ^4.31 ^4.32 ^4.33 ^4.34 ^4.35 ^4.36 ^4.37 ^4.38 ^4.39 ^4.40 ^4.41 ^4.42 ^4.43 ^4.44 ^4.45 ^4.46 ^4.47 ^4.48 ^4.49 ^4.50 ^4.51 ^4.52 ^4.53 ^4.54 ^4.55 ^4.56 ^4.57 ^4.58 ^4.59 ^4.60 ^4.61 ^4.62 ^4.63 ^4.64 ^4.65 ^4.66 ^4.67 ^4.68 ^4.69 ^4.70 ^4.71 ^4.72 ^4.73 ^4.74 ^4.75 ^4.76 ^4.77 ^4.78 ^4.79 ^4.80 ^4.81 ^4.82 ^4.83 ^4.84 ^4.85 ^4.86 ^4.87 ^4.88 ^4.89 ^4.90 ^4.91 Staff (2015). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/ACC.html. Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using the UCLA Cosmological Calculator, with parameters values as of 2015: H₀=67.74 and Omega_M=0.3089 (see Table/Planck2015 at "Lambda-CDM model" )

[UCLA-2018-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 ^5.13 ^5.14 ^5.15 ^5.16 ^5.17 ^5.18 ^5.19 ^5.20 ^5.21 ^5.22 ^5.23 ^5.24 ^5.25 ^5.26 ^5.27 ^5.28 ^5.29 ^5.30 ^5.31 ^5.32 ^5.33 ^5.34 ^5.35 ^5.36 ^5.37 ^5.38 ^5.39 ^5.40 ^5.41 ^5.42 ^5.43 ^5.44 ^5.45 ^5.46 ^5.47 ^5.48 ^5.49 ^5.50 ^5.51 ^5.52 ^5.53 ^5.54 ^5.55 ^5.56 ^5.57 ^5.58 ^5.59 ^5.60 ^5.61 ^5.62 ^5.63 ^5.64 ^5.65 ^5.66 ^5.67 ^5.68 ^5.69 ^5.70 ^5.71 ^5.72 ^5.73 ^5.74 ^5.75 ^5.76 ^5.77 ^5.78 ^5.79 ^5.80 ^5.81 ^5.82 ^5.83 ^5.84 Staff (2018). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/ACC.html. Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using the UCLA Cosmological Calculator, with parameters values as of 2018: H₀=67.4 and Omega_M=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model" )

[ICRAR-2022-6] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 ^6.16 ^6.17 ^6.18 ^6.19 ^6.20 ^6.21 ^6.22 ^6.23 ^6.24 ^6.25 ^6.26 ^6.27 ^6.28 ^6.29 ^6.30 ^6.31 ^6.32 ^6.33 ^6.34 ^6.35 ^6.36 ^6.37 ^6.38 ^6.39 ^6.40 ^6.41 ^6.42 ^6.43 ^6.44 ^6.45 ^6.46 ^6.47 ^6.48 ^6.49 ^6.50 ^6.51 ^6.52 ^6.53 ^6.54 ^6.55 ^6.56 ^6.57 ^6.58 ^6.59 ^6.60 ^6.61 ^6.62 ^6.63 ^6.64 ^6.65 ^6.66 ^6.67 ^6.68 ^6.69 ^6.70 ^6.71 ^6.72 ^6.73 ^6.74 ^6.75 ^6.76 ^6.77 ^6.78 ^6.79 ^6.80 ^6.81 ^6.82 Staff (2022). "ICRAR Cosmology Calculator". International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research. https://cosmocalc.icrar.org/. ICRAR Cosmology Calculator - Set H₀=67.4 and Omega_M=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model")

[KEMP-2022-7] 7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 ^7.14 ^7.15 ^7.16 ^7.17 ^7.18 ^7.19 ^7.20 ^7.21 ^7.22 ^7.23 ^7.24 ^7.25 ^7.26 ^7.27 ^7.28 ^7.29 ^7.30 ^7.31 ^7.32 ^7.33 ^7.34 ^7.35 ^7.36 ^7.37 ^7.38 ^7.39 ^7.40 ^7.41 ^7.42 ^7.43 ^7.44 ^7.45 ^7.46 ^7.47 ^7.48 ^7.49 ^7.50 ^7.51 ^7.52 ^7.53 ^7.54 ^7.55 ^7.56 ^7.57 ^7.58 ^7.59 ^7.60 ^7.61 ^7.62 ^7.63 ^7.64 ^7.65 ^7.66 ^7.67 ^7.68 ^7.69 ^7.70 ^7.71 ^7.72 ^7.73 ^7.74 ^7.75 ^7.76 ^7.77 ^7.78 ^7.79 ^7.80 ^7.81 ^7.82 Kempner, Joshua (2022). "KEMPNER Cosmology Calculator". Kempner.net. https://www.kempner.net/cosmic.php. KEMP Cosmology Calculator - Set H₀=67.4, Omega_M=0.315, and Omega_Λ=0.6847 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model")

[Robertson2022-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 Robertson, B. E. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy 7 (5): 611–621. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. Bibcode: 2023NatAs...7..611R.

[:0-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Ilie, Cosmin; Paulin, Jillian; Freese, Katherine (2023-07-25). "Supermassive Dark Star candidates seen by JWST" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (30): e2305762120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2305762120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 37433001. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12005762I.

[arxiv.org-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Wang, Bingjie (2023-11-13). "UNCOVER: Illuminating the Early Universe—JWST/NIRSpec Confirmation of z > 12 Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 957 (2): L34. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acfe07. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...957L..34W.

[Bakx2022-11] Bakx, Tom J. L. C. (January 2023). "Deep ALMA redshift search of a z~12 GLASS-JWST galaxy candidate". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 519 (4): 5076–5085. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3723.

[12] Haro, Pablo Arrabal; Dickinson, Mark; Finkelstein, Steven L.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; Donnan, Callum T.; Burgarella, Denis; Carnall, Adam; Cullen, Fergus et al. (2023-08-14). "Confirmation and refutation of very luminous galaxies in the early universe". Nature 622 (7984): 707–711. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06521-7. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 37579792. Bibcode: 2023Natur.622..707A.

[13] Harikane, Yuichi; Nakajima, Kimihiko; Ouchi, Masami; et al. (2023). "Pure Spectroscopic Constraints on UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star Formation History From 25 Galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=8.61-13.20$ Confirmed with JWST/NIRSpec". arXiv:2304.06658v3 [astro-ph.GA].

[Oesch2016-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Oesch, P. A. et al. (March 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal 819 (2): 129. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...819..129O.

[Jiang2021-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Jiang, Linhua (January 2021). "Evidence for GN-z11 as a luminous galaxy at redshift 10.957". Nature Astronomy 5 (3): 256–261. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-01275-y. Bibcode: 2021NatAs...5..256J.

[16] Bunker, Andrew J. et al. (2023). "JADES NIRSpec Spectroscopy of GN-z11: Lyman- α emission and possible enhanced nitrogen abundance in a z = 10.60 luminous galaxy". Astronomy & Astrophysics 677: A88. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346159.

[17] Roberts-Borsani, Guido; Treu, Tommaso; Chen, Wenlei; Morishita, Takahiro; Vanzella, Eros; Zitrin, Adi; Bergamini, Pietro; Castellano, Marco et al. (2023). "A shot in the Dark (Ages): a faint galaxy at $z=9.76$ confirmed with JWST". Nature Astronomy 618 (7965): 480–483. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05994-w. PMID 37198479. Bibcode: 2023Natur.618..480R.

[18] T. Hashimoto; N. Laporte; K. Mawatari; R. S. Ellis; A. K. Inoue; E. Zackrisson; G. Roberts-Borsani; W. Zheng et al. (2019). "The Onset of Star Formation 250 Million Years After the Big Bang". Nature 557 (7705): 312–313. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0117-z. PMID 29765123. Bibcode: 2018Natur.557..392H.

[19] Adi Zitrin; Ivo Labbe; Sirio Belli; Rychard Bouwens; Richard S. Ellis; Guido Roberts-Borsani; Daniel P. Stark; Pascal A. Oesch et al. (2015). "Lyman-alpha Emission from a Luminous z = 8.68 Galaxy: Implications for Galaxies as Tracers of Cosmic Reionization". The Astrophysical Journal 810 (1): L12. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/810/1/L12. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...810L..12Z.

[Curti2023-20] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 Curti, Mirko (January 2023). "The chemical enrichment in the early Universe as probed by JWST via direct metallicity measurements at z 8". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 518 (1): 425–438. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2737. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.518..425C.

[Carnall2023-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Carnall, A. C. (January 2023). "A first look at the SMACS0723 JWST ERO: spectroscopic redshifts, stellar masses, and star-formation histories". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 518 (1): L45–L50. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac136. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.518L..45C.

[Schaerer2022-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 Schaerer, D. (September 2022). "First look with JWST spectroscopy: Resemblance among z ~ 8 galaxies and local analogs". Astronomy & Astrophysics 665: 6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244556. L4. Bibcode: 2022A&A...665L...4S.

[Katz2023-23] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 Katz, Harley (January 2023). "AFirst insights into the ISM at z > 8 with JWST: possible physical implications of a high [O III] λ4363/[O III] λ5007". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 518 (1): 592–603. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2657. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.518..592K.

[24] Laporte, N.; Ellis, R. S.; Boone, F.; Bauer, F. E.; Quénard, D.; Roberts-Borsani, G. W.; Pelló, R.; Pérez-Fournon, I. et al. (2017). "Dust in the Reionization Era: ALMA Observations of a z = 8.38 Gravitationally Lensed Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal 832 (2): L21. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa62aa. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...837L..21L.

[25] Tamura, Y.; Mawatari, K.; Hashimoto, T.; Inoue, A. K.; Zackrisson, E.; Christensen, L.; Binggeli, C; Matsuda, Y. et al. (2017). "Detection of the Far-infrared [O III] and Dust Emission in a Galaxy at Redshift 8.312: Early Metal Enrichment in the Heart of the Reionization Era". The Astrophysical Journal 874 (1): 27. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0374. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...874...27T.

[Tanvir2009-26] 26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 ^26.3 Tanvir, N. R.; Fox, D. B.; Levan, A. J.; Berger, E.; Wiersema, K.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Cucchiara, A.; Krühler, T. et al. (2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2". Nature 461 (7268): 1254–7. doi:10.1038/nature08459. PMID 19865165. Bibcode: 2009Natur.461.1254T.

[Langeroodi2022-27] 27.0 ^27.1 Langeroodi, Danial; Hjorth, Jens; Chen, Wenlei; Kelly, Patrick L.; Williams, Hayley; Lin, Yu-Heng; Scarlata, Claudia; Zitrin, Adi et al. (2022). "Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation from Redshift z≈8 to the Local Universe". The Astrophysical Journal 804 (2). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L30. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...804L..30O.

[28] P. A. Oesch; P. G. van Dokkum; G. D. Illingworth; R. J. Bouwens; I. Momcheva; B. Holden; G. W. Roberts-Borsani; R. Smit et al. (2015). "A Spectroscopic Redshift Measurement for a Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 7.730 using Keck/MOSFIRE". The Astrophysical Journal 804 (2): L30. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L30. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...804L..30O.

[29] Song, M.; Finkelstein, S. L.; Livermore, R. C.; Capak, P. L.; Dickinson, M.; Fontana, A. (2016). "Keck/MOSFIRE Spectroscopy of z = 7–8 Galaxies: Lyman-alpha Emission from a Galaxy at z = 7.66". The Astrophysical Journal 826 (2): 113. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/113. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...826..113S.

[NAT-20171206-30] Bañados, Eduardo (6 December 2017). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature 553 (7689): 473–476. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. Bibcode: 2018Natur.553..473B.

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[32] Larson, R. L.; Finkelstein, S. L.; Pirzkal, N.; Ryan, R.; Tilvi, V.; Malhotra, S.; Rhoads, J.; Finkelstein, K. et al. (2018). "Discovery of a z = 7.452 High Equivalent Width Lyman alpha Emitter from the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Infrared Grism Survey". The Astrophysical Journal 858 (2): 113. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab893. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...858...94L.

[Ono2012-33] 33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 Ono, Yoshiaki; Ouchi, Masami; Mobasher, Bahram; Dickinson, Mark; Penner, Kyle; Shimasaku, Kazuhiro; Weiner, Benjamin J.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S. et al. (2011). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of Three z-Dropout Galaxies at z = 6.844 – 7.213: Demographics of Lyman-Alpha Emission in z ~ 7 Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal 744 (2): 83. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/83. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...744...83O.

[34] Inoue, Akio K. (June 2016). "Detection of an oxygen emission line from a high redshift galaxy in the reionization epoch". Science 352 (6293): 1559–1562. doi:10.1126/science.aaf0714. PMID 27312046. Bibcode: 2016Sci...352.1559I. https://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1620/eso1620a.pdf.

[Vanzella_et_al.-35] 35.0 ^35.1 Vanzella (2011). "Spectroscopic Confirmation of Two Lyman Break Galaxies at Redshift Beyond 7". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 730 (2): L35. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/730/2/L35. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...730L..35V.

[36] Daniel J. Mortlock et al. (2011). "A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085". Nature 474 (7353): 616–619. doi:10.1038/nature10159. PMID 21720366. Bibcode: 2011Natur.474..616M.

[37] Schenker, Matthew A. (January 2012). "Keck Spectroscopy of Faint 3 < z < 8 Lyman Break Galaxies: Evidence for a Declining Fraction of Emission Line Sources in the Redshift Range 6 < z < 8". The Astrophysical Journal 744 (2): 7. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/179. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...744..179S.

[38] Fontana, A.; Vanzella, E.; Pentericci, L.; Castellano, M.; Giavalisco, M.; Grazian, A.; Boutsia, K.; Cristiani, S. et al. (2010). "The lack of intense Lyman~alpha in ultradeep spectra of z = 7 candidates in GOODS-S: Imprint of reionization?". The Astrophysical Journal 725 (2): L205. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/725/2/L205. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...725L.205F.

[39] Rhoads, James E.; Hibon, Pascale; Malhotra, Sangeeta; Cooper, Michael; Weiner, Benjamin (2012). "A Lyman Alpha Galaxy at Redshift z = 6.944 in the COSMOS Field". The Astrophysical Journal 752 (2): L28. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/2/L28. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...752L..28R.

[40] Bañados, Eduardo; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Momjian, Emmanuel; Eilers, Anna-Christina; Wang, Feige; Schindler, Jan-Torge; Connor, Thomas; Andika, Irham Taufik et al. (2021). "The Discovery of a Highly Accreting, Radio-loud Quasar at z = 6.82". The Astrophysical Journal (Harvard University) 909 (1): 80. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe239. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...909...80B.

[Adams2022-41] 41.00 ^41.01 ^41.02 ^41.03 ^41.04 ^41.05 ^41.06 ^41.07 ^41.08 ^41.09 ^41.10 ^41.11 ^41.12 ^41.13 ^41.14 ^41.15 ^41.16 ^41.17 ^41.18 ^41.19 ^41.20 ^41.21 ^41.22 ^41.23 ^41.24 ^41.25 ^41.26 ^41.27 ^41.28 Adams, N. J. (November 2022). "Discovery and properties of ultra-high redshift galaxies (9 < z < 12) in the JWST ERO SMACS 0723 Field". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 518 (3): 4755–4766. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3347. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.518.4755A.

[Yan2023-42] 42.00 ^42.01 ^42.02 ^42.03 ^42.04 ^42.05 ^42.06 ^42.07 ^42.08 ^42.09 ^42.10 ^42.11 ^42.12 ^42.13 ^42.14 ^42.15 ^42.16 ^42.17 ^42.18 ^42.19 ^42.20 ^42.21 ^42.22 ^42.23 ^42.24 ^42.25 ^42.26 ^42.27 ^42.28 ^42.29 ^42.30 ^42.31 ^42.32 ^42.33 ^42.34 ^42.35 ^42.36 ^42.37 ^42.38 ^42.39 ^42.40 ^42.41 ^42.42 ^42.43 Yan, Haojing (January 2023). "First Batch of z ≈ 11–20 Candidate Objects Revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope Early Release Observations on SMACS 0723-73". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 942 (L9): 20. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca80c. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...942L...9Y.

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[Fujimoto2022-45] 45.0 ^45.1 Fujimoto, Seiji (2023). "ALMA FIR View of Ultra High-redshift Galaxy Candidates at z ~ 11-17: Blue Monsters or Low- z Red Interlopers?". The Astrophysical Journal 955 (2): 130. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aceb67. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...955..130F.

[MorishitaStiavelli2022-46] 46.0 ^46.1 Morishita, Takahiro; Stiavelli, Massimo (2023). "Physical Characterization of Early Galaxies in the Webb's First Deep Field SMACS J0723.3-7323". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 946 (2): L35. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acbf50. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...946L..35M.

[ARX-20221209-47] Harikane, Yuichi; Ouchi, Masami; Oguri, Masamune; Ono, Yoshiaki; Nakajima, Kimihiko; Isobe, Yuki; Umeda, Hiroya; Mawatari, Ken et al. (2023). "A Comprehensive Study of Galaxies at z ~ 9–16 Found in the Early JWST Data: Ultraviolet Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star Formation History at the Pre-reionization Epoch". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 265 (1): 5. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acaaa9. Bibcode: 2023ApJS..265....5H.

[Hakim2022-48] 48.00 ^48.01 ^48.02 ^48.03 ^48.04 ^48.05 ^48.06 ^48.07 ^48.08 ^48.09 ^48.10 Hakim, Atek (November 2022). "Revealing galaxy candidates out to z 16 with JWST observations of the lensing cluster SMACS0723". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 519 (1): 1201–1220. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3144. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.519.1201A.

[Harikane2022a-49] Harikane, Y. (April 2022). "A Search for H-Dropout Lyman Break Galaxies at z ~ 12–16". The Astrophysical Journal 929 (1): 1. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac53a9. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...929....1H.

[Donnan2022-50] 50.00 ^50.01 ^50.02 ^50.03 ^50.04 ^50.05 ^50.06 ^50.07 ^50.08 ^50.09 ^50.10 ^50.11 Donnan, C. T. (November 2022). "The evolution of the galaxy UV luminosity function at redshifts z ≃ 8 - 15 from deep JWST and ground-based near-infrared imaging". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 518 (4): 6011–6040. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3472. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.518.6011D.

[Bouwens2022-51] 51.0 ^51.1 ^51.2 Bouwens, Rychard J. (2023). "Evolution of the UV LF from z ~ 15 to z ~ 8 using new JWST NIRCam medium-band observations over the HUDF/XDF". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 523: 1036–1055. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1145.

[Whitler2022-52] 52.0 ^52.1 Whitler, Lily (December 2022). "On the ages of bright galaxies 500 Myr after the Big Bang: insights into star formation activity at z ≳ 15 with JWST". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 519 (1): 157–171. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3535. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.519..157W.

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[Hsiao2022-54] Hsiao, Tiger Yu-Yang (2023). "JWST Reveals a Possible z ~ 11 Galaxy Merger in Triply Lensed MACS0647–JD". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 949 (2): L34. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc94b. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...949L..34H.

[Naidu2022-55] Naidu, Rohan P. (November 2022). "Two Remarkably Luminous Galaxy Candidates at z ≈ 10 − 12 Revealed by JWST". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 940 (1): 11. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac9b22. L14. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...940L..14N.

[Yoon2022-56] Yoon, Ilsang (2023). "ALMA Observation of a z ≳ 10 Galaxy Candidate Discovered with JWST". The Astrophysical Journal 950 (1): 61. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc94d. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...950...61Y.

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v t e Galaxies
Morphology	Disc Lenticular barred unbarred Spiral anemic barred flocculent grand design intermediate Magellanic unbarred Dwarf galaxy elliptical irregular spheroidal spiral Elliptical galaxy cD Irregular barred Peculiar Ring Polar
Structure	Active galactic nucleus Bar Bulge Dark matter halo Disc Disc galaxy Halo corona Galactic center Galactic plane Galactic ridge Interstellar medium Protogalaxy Spiral arm Supermassive black hole
Active nuclei	Blazar LINER Markarian Quasar Radio X-shaped Relativistic jet Seyfert
Energetic galaxies	Lyman-alpha emitter Luminous infrared Starburst blue compact dwarf pea faint blue Hot dust-obscured
Low activity	Low surface brightness Ultra diffuse Dark galaxy
Interaction	Field Galactic tide Cloud Groups and clusters group cluster Brightest cluster galaxy fossile group Interacting merger Jellyfish Satellite Stellar stream Superclusters Walls Voids and supervoids void galaxy
Lists	Galaxies Galaxies named after people Largest Nearest Polar-ring Ring Spiral Groups and clusters Large quasar groups Quasars Superclusters Voids
See also	Extragalactic astronomy Galactic astronomy Galactic coordinate system Galactic empire Galactic habitable zone Galactic magnetic fields Galactic orientation Galactic quadrant Galaxy color–magnitude diagram Galaxy formation and evolution Galaxy rotation curve Illustris project Intergalactic dust Intergalactic stars Intergalactic travel Population III stars
Book Category Portal

v t e Stars
Formation	Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main-sequence Herbig Ae/Be T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig–Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track
Evolution	Main sequence Red-giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Blue loop Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 Dredge-up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Superluminous supernova / Hypernova
Spectral classification	Early Late Main sequence O B A F G K M Brown dwarf WR OB Subdwarf O B Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Carbon S CN CH White dwarf Chemically peculiar Am Ap/Bp HgMn Helium-weak Barium Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead Technetium Be Shell B[e]
Remnants	White dwarf Helium planet Black dwarf Neutron Radio-quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster
Hypothetical	Blue dwarf Green Black dwarf Exotic Boson Electroweak Strange Preon Planck Dark Dark-energy Quark Q Black Gravastar Frozen Quasi-star Thorne–Żytkow object Iron Blitzar
Stellar nucleosynthesis	Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton–proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple-alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S-process R-process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova
Structure	Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
Properties	Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Luminosity Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation Starlight Variable Photometric system Color index Hertzsprung–Russell diagram Color–color diagram
Star systems	Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Symbiotic Multiple Cluster Open Globular Super Planetary system
Earth-centric observations	Sun Solar System Sunlight Pole star Circumpolar Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric-standard
Lists	Proper names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright With exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Supernovae Candidates Remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy
Related articles	Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Guest Gravity Intergalactic Starfield Tidal disruption event
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Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects

Candidate most distant objects

List of most distant objects by type

Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders

List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant

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Astronomy:List of the most distant astronomical objects

Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects

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List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant

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