Triangular tiling

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Short description: Regular tiling of the plane


In geometry, the triangular tiling or triangular tessellation is one of the three regular tilings of the Euclidean plane, and is the only such tiling where the constituent shapes are not parallelogons. Because the internal angle of the equilateral triangle is 60 degrees, six triangles at a point occupy a full 360 degrees. The triangular tiling has Schläfli symbol of {3,6}.

English mathematician John Conway called it a deltille, named from the triangular shape of the Greek letter delta (Δ). The triangular tiling can also be called a kishextille by a kis operation that adds a center point and triangles to replace the faces of a hextille.

It is one of three regular tilings of the plane. The other two are the square tiling and the hexagonal tiling.

Uniform colorings

A 2-uniform triangular tiling, 4 colored triangles, related to the geodesic polyhedron as {3,6+}2,0.

There are 9 distinct uniform colorings of a triangular tiling. (Naming the colors by indices on the 6 triangles around a vertex: 111111, 111112, 111212, 111213, 111222, 112122, 121212, 121213, 121314) Three of them can be derived from others by repeating colors: 111212 and 111112 from 121213 by combining 1 and 3, while 111213 is reduced from 121314.[1]

There is one class of Archimedean colorings, 111112, (marked with a *) which is not 1-uniform, containing alternate rows of triangles where every third is colored. The example shown is 2-uniform, but there are infinitely many such Archimedean colorings that can be created by arbitrary horizontal shifts of the rows.

111111 121212 111222 112122 111112(*)
Uniform triangular tiling 111111.png Uniform triangular tiling 121212.png Uniform triangular tiling 111222.png Uniform triangular tiling 112122.png 2-uniform triangular tiling 111112.png
p6m (*632) p3m1 (*333) cmm (2*22) p2 (2222) p2 (2222)
121213 111212 111112 121314 111213
Uniform triangular tiling 121213.png Uniform triangular tiling 111212.png Uniform triangular tiling 111112.png Uniform triangular tiling 121314.png Uniform triangular tiling 111213.png
p31m (3*3) p3 (333)

A2 lattice and circle packings

The A*2 lattice as three triangular tilings: CDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel branch.png + CDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel branch 10lu.png + CDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel branch 01ld.png

The vertex arrangement of the triangular tiling is called an A2 lattice.[2] It is the 2-dimensional case of a simplectic honeycomb.

The A*2 lattice (also called A32) can be constructed by the union of all three A2 lattices, and equivalent to the A2 lattice.

CDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel branch.png + CDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel branch 10lu.png + CDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel branch 01ld.png = dual of CDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel branch 11.png = CDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel branch.png

The vertices of the triangular tiling are the centers of the densest possible circle packing.[3] Every circle is in contact with 6 other circles in the packing (kissing number). The packing density is ​π⁄√12 or 90.69%. The voronoi cell of a triangular tiling is a hexagon, and so the voronoi tessellation, the hexagonal tiling, has a direct correspondence to the circle packings.

1-uniform-11-circlepack.svg

Geometric variations

Triangular tilings can be made with the equivalent {3,6} topology as the regular tiling (6 triangles around every vertex). With identical faces (face-transitivity) and vertex-transitivity, there are 5 variations. Symmetry given assumes all faces are the same color.[4]

Related polyhedra and tilings

The planar tilings are related to polyhedra. Putting fewer triangles on a vertex leaves a gap and allows it to be folded into a pyramid. These can be expanded to Platonic solids: five, four and three triangles on a vertex define an icosahedron, octahedron, and tetrahedron respectively.

This tiling is topologically related as a part of sequence of regular polyhedra with Schläfli symbols {3,n}, continuing into the hyperbolic plane.

It is also topologically related as a part of sequence of Catalan solids with face configuration Vn.6.6, and also continuing into the hyperbolic plane.

Triakistetrahedron.jpg
V3.6.6 		Tetrakishexahedron.jpg
V4.6.6 		Pentakisdodecahedron.jpg
V5.6.6 		Uniform polyhedron-63-t2.png
V6.6.6 		Heptakis heptagonal tiling.svg
V7.6.6

Wythoff constructions from hexagonal and triangular tilings

Like the uniform polyhedra there are eight uniform tilings that can be based from the regular hexagonal tiling (or the dual triangular tiling).

Drawing the tiles colored as red on the original faces, yellow at the original vertices, and blue along the original edges, there are 8 forms, 7 which are topologically distinct. (The truncated triangular tiling is topologically identical to the hexagonal tiling.)


Related regular complex apeirogons

There are 4 regular complex apeirogons, sharing the vertices of the triangular tiling. Regular complex apeirogons have vertices and edges, where edges can contain 2 or more vertices. Regular apeirogons p{q}r are constrained by: 1/p + 2/q + 1/r = 1. Edges have p vertices, and vertex figures are r-gonal.[5]

The first is made of 2-edges, and next two are triangular edges, and the last has overlapping hexagonal edges.

Complex apeirogon 2-6-6.png Complex apeirogon 3-4-6.png Complex apeirogon 3-6-3.png Complex apeirogon 6-3-6.png
2{6}6 or CDel node 1.pngCDel 6.pngCDel 6node.png 3{4}6 or CDel 3node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel 6node.png 3{6}3 or CDel 3node 1.pngCDel 6.pngCDel 3node.png 6{3}6 or CDel 6node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel 6node.png

Other triangular tilings

There are also three Laves tilings made of single type of triangles:

1-uniform 3 dual.svg
Kisrhombille
30°-60°-90° right triangles 		1-uniform 2 dual.svg
Kisquadrille
45°-45°-90° right triangles 		1-uniform 4 dual.svg
Kisdeltile
30°-30°-120° isosceles triangles

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tilings and Patterns, p.102-107
  2. ↑ "The Lattice A2". http://www.math.rwth-aachen.de/~Gabriele.Nebe/LATTICES/A2.html. 
  3. ↑ Order in Space: A design source book, Keith Critchlow, p.74-75, pattern 1
  4. ↑ Tilings and Patterns, from list of 107 isohedral tilings, p.473-481
  5. ↑ Coxeter, Regular Complex Polytopes, pp. 111-112, p. 136.
  • Coxeter, H.S.M. Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 p. 296, Table II: Regular honeycombs
  • Grünbaum, Branko; Shephard, G. C. (1987). Tilings and Patterns. New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1193-1. https://archive.org/details/isbn_0716711931.  (Chapter 2.1: Regular and uniform tilings, p. 58-65, Chapter 2.9 Archimedean and Uniform colorings pp. 102–107)
  • Williams, Robert (1979). The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23729-X.  p35
  • John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 [1]

External links

Fundamental convex regular and uniform honeycombs in dimensions 2-9
Space Family [math]\displaystyle{ {\tilde{A}}_{n-1} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ {\tilde{C}}_{n-1} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ {\tilde{B}}_{n-1} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ {\tilde{D}}_{n-1} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ {\tilde{G}}_2 }[/math] / [math]\displaystyle{ {\tilde{F}}_4 }[/math] / [math]\displaystyle{ {\tilde{E}}_{n-1} }[/math]
E2 Uniform tiling {3[3]} δ3 hδ3 qδ3 Hexagonal
E3 Uniform convex honeycomb {3[4]} δ4 hδ4 qδ4
E4 Uniform 4-honeycomb {3[5]} δ5 hδ5 qδ5 24-cell honeycomb
E5 Uniform 5-honeycomb {3[6]} δ6 hδ6 qδ6
E6 Uniform 6-honeycomb {3[7]} δ7 hδ7 qδ7 222
E7 Uniform 7-honeycomb {3[8]} δ8 hδ8 qδ8 133 • 331
E8 Uniform 8-honeycomb {3[9]} δ9 hδ9 qδ9 152 • 251 • 521
E9 Uniform 9-honeycomb {3[10]} δ10 hδ10 qδ10
En-1 Uniform (n-1)-honeycomb {3[n]} δn hδn qδn 1k2 • 2k1 • k21



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