Chemistry:Pentylenetetrazol

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Short description: Chemical compound
Pentylenetetrazol
Pentylenetetrazol.svg
Pentylenetetrazol ball-and-stick model.png
Clinical data
Trade namesMetrazol, others
ATC code
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6H10N4
Molar mass138.174 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
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Pentylenetetrazol, also known as pentylenetetrazole, leptazol, metrazol, pentetrazol (INN), pentamethylenetetrazol, Corazol, Cardiazol, Deumacard, or PTZ, is a drug formerly used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant. High doses cause convulsions, as discovered by Hungarian-American neurologist and psychiatrist Ladislas J. Meduna in 1934. It has been used in convulsive therapy, and was found to be effective—primarily for depression—but side effects such as uncontrolled seizures were difficult to avoid.[1] In 1939, pentylenetetrazol was replaced by electroconvulsive therapy, which is easier to administer, as the preferred method for inducing seizures in England's mental hospitals. In the US, its approval by the Food and Drug Administration was revoked in 1982.[2] It is used in Italy as a cardio-respiratory stimulant in combination with codeine in a cough suppressant drug.[3]

Mechanism

The mechanism of pentylenetetrazol is not well understood, and it may have multiple mechanisms of action. In 1984, Squires et al. published a report analyzing pentylenetetrazol and several structurally related convulsant drugs. They found that in vivo convulsant potency was strongly correlated to in vitro affinity to the picrotoxin binding site on the GABA-A receptor complex. Many GABA-A ligands, such as the sedatives diazepam and phenobarbital, are effective anticonvulsants, but presumably pentylenetetrazol has the opposite effect when it binds to the GABA-A receptor.[4]

Several studies have focused on the way pentylenetetrazol influences neuronal ion channels. A 1987 study found that pentylenetetrazol increases calcium influx and sodium influx, both of which depolarize the neuron. Because these effects were antagonized by calcium channel blockers, pentylenetetrazol apparently acts at calcium channels, and it causes them to lose selectivity and conduct sodium ions, as well.[5]

Research

Pentylenetetrazol has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomena and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility. For instance, researchers can induce status epilepticus in animal models. Pentylenetetrazol is also a prototypical anxiogenic drug and has been extensively used in animal models of anxiety. Pentylenetetrazol produces a reliable discriminative stimulus, which is largely mediated by the GABAA receptor. Several classes of compounds can modulate the pentylenetetrazol discriminative stimulus, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, NMDA, glycine, and L-type calcium channel ligands.[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Read, Charles F. (1940). "Consequences of metrazol shock therapy". American Journal of Psychiatry 97 (3): 667–76. doi:10.1176/ajp.97.3.667. 
  2. ↑ Minkel JR (February 25, 2007). "Drug May Counteract Down Syndrome". Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/drug-may-counteract-down/. 
  3. ↑ "Cardiazol-Paracodina". Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco. https://farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it/aifa/servlet/PdfDownloadServlet?pdfFileName=footer_007046_021473_FI.pdf&retry=0&sys=m0b1l3. 
  4. ↑ "Convulsant potencies of tetrazoles are highly correlated with actions on GABA / benzodiazepine / picrotoxin receptor complexes in brain". Life Sci. 35 (14): 1439–44. 1984. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(84)90159-0. PMID 6090836. 
  5. ↑ "The ionic mechanism of the pentylenetetrazol convulsions". Acta Biol. Hung. 38 (3–4): 349–61. 1987. PMID 3503442. 
  6. ↑ "The discriminative stimulus effects of pentylenetetrazol as a model of anxiety: recent developments". Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26 (4): 429–39. 2002. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00010-6. PMID 12204190. 

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See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
GABAA receptor positive modulators
GABA metabolism/transport modulators

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