Chemistry:Bilobalide

Bilobalide
Clinical data
Routes of; administration	By mouth
Legal status
Legal status	In general: legal;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (5aR-(3aS,5aα,8b,8aS,9a,10aα))-9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-4H,5aH,9H-furo[2,3-b]furo[3',2':2,3]cyclopenta[1,2-c]furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione;
CAS Number	33570-04-6 ;
PubChem CID	73581;
IUPHAR/BPS	2366;
ChemSpider	21106418 ;
UNII	M81D2O8H7U;
ChEBI	CHEBI:3103;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL133266 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C15H18O8
Molar mass	326.301 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES CC(C)(C)[C@@]1(C[C@H]2[C@@]3([C@]14[C@H](C(=O)O[C@H]4OC3=O)O)CC(=O)O2)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H18O8/c1-12(2,3)14(20)4-6-13(5-7(16)21-6)10(19)23-11-15(13,14)8(17)9(18)22-11/h6,8,11,17,20H,4-5H2,1-3H3/t6-,8-,11-,13-,14+,15?/m0/s1 ; Key:MOLPUWBMSBJXER-ISSLQHLCSA-N ;
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Short description: Chemical compound

Bilobalide is a biologically active terpenic trilactone present in Ginkgo biloba.^[1]

Chemistry

Bilobalide is a main constituent of the terpenoids found in Ginkgo leaves. It also exists in minor amounts in the roots. It is a sesquiterpenoid, i.e. it has a 15-carbon skeleton. Its exact synthesis pathway from farnesyl pyrophosphate is still unknown.

Biosynthesis

Bilobalide and ginkgolide have similar biosynthetic pathways. Bilobalide is formed by partially degraded ginkgolide. Bilobalide is derived from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), which is formed by addition of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to an isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) unit to form a C₁₅ sesquiterpene. Such formation went through the mevalonate pathway (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate MEP pathway. In order to generate bilobalide, C₂₀ ginkgolide 13 must form first. To transform from GGPP to abietenyl cation 5, a single bifunctional enzyme abietadiene synthase E1 is required. However, due to the complexity of ginkgolide structures for rearrangement, ring cleavage, and formation of lactone rings, diterpene 8 is used to explain instead. Levopimaradiene 6 and abietatriene 7 are precursors for ginkgolide and bilobalide formation. The unusual tert-butyl substituent is formed from A ring cleavage in 9. Bilobalide 13 then formed in loss of carbons through degradation from ginkgolide 12, and lactones are formed from residual carboxyl and alcohol functions. The end product of bilobalide contains sesquiterpenes and three lactones units.^[2]

Pharmacology

Bilobalide is important for producing several of the effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts, and it has neuroprotective effects,^[3]^[4] as well as inducing the liver enzymes CYP3A1 and CYP1A2,^[5] which may be partially responsible for interactions between ginkgo and other herbal medicines or pharmaceutical drugs. Bilobalide has recently been found to be a negative allosteric modulator at the GABA_A and GABA_A-rho receptors.^[6]^[7] Of GABA_A, it may possibly be selective for the subunits predominantly implicated in cognitive and memory functioning such as α1^{[citation needed]}.

References

↑ "Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals". Journal of Chromatography A 1216 (11): 2002–32. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.013. PMID 19195661.
↑ Dewick, P. M. Medicinal Natural Products: Products:A Biosynthetic Approach. Third Edition ed.; Wiley&Sons: West Sussex, England, 2009; p 230-232.
↑ Defeudis FV (2002). "Bilobalide and neuroprotection". Pharmacological Research 46 (6): 565–8. doi:10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00233-5. PMID 12457632.
↑ "Role of glycine receptors and glycine release for the neuroprotective activity of bilobalide". Brain Research 1201: 143–50. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.052. PMID 18325484.
↑ "Induction of cytochrome P450s by terpene trilactones and flavonoids of the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in rats". Xenobiotica 38 (5): 465–81. 2008. doi:10.1080/00498250701883233. PMID 18421621.
↑ http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/pharmacology/adrien-albert/images/pdfs/RefsPDFs/376.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
↑ "Archived copy". http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/pharmacology/adrien-albert/images/pdfs/RefsPDFs/376.pdf.

External links

{{Navbox | name = GABA receptor modulators | title = GABA receptor modulators | state = collapsed | bodyclass = hlist | groupstyle = text-align:center;

 | group1 = Ionotropic
 |  list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup
 | groupstyle = text-align:center
 | groupwidth = 5em

   | group1 = GABA_A
   | list1  =

Agonists: (+)-Catechin
Bamaluzole
Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
BL-1020
DAVA
Dihydromuscimol
GABA
Gabamide
GABOB
Gaboxadol (THIP)
Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)
Ibotenic acid
iso-THAZ
iso-THIP
Isoguvacine
Isomuscimol
Isonipecotic acid
Kojic amine
Lignans (e.g., honokiol)
Methylglyoxal
Monastrol
Muscimol
Nefiracetam
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone)
Org 20599
PF-6372865
Phenibut
Picamilon
P4S
Progabide
Propofol
Quisqualamine
SL-75102
TACA
TAMP
Terpenoids (e.g., borneol)
Thiomuscimol
Tolgabide
ZAPA

Positive modulators (abridged; see here for a full list): α-EMTBL
Alcohols (e.g., ethanol)
Anabolic steroids
Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin)
Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam)
Bromide compounds (e.g., potassium bromide)
Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate)
Carbamazepine
Chloralose
Chlormezanone
Clomethiazole
Dihydroergolines (e.g., ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine))
Etazepine
Etifoxine
Fenamates (e.g., mefenamic acid)
Flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, hispidulin)
Fluoxetine
Flupirtine
Imidazoles (e.g., etomidate)
Kava constituents (e.g., kavain)
Lanthanum
Loreclezole
Monastrol
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone, [[Chemistry:Cholecholesterol]], THDOC)
Niacin
Nicotinamide (niacinamide)
Nonbenzodiazepines (e.g., β-carbolines (e.g., [[abecarnil), cyclopyrrolones (e.g., zopiclone), imidazopyridines (e.g., zolpidem), pyrazolopyrimidines (e.g., zaleplon))
Norfluoxetine
Petrichloral
Phenols (e.g., propofol)
Phenytoin
Piperidinediones (e.g., glutethimide)
Propanidid
Pyrazolopyridines (e.g., etazolate)
Quinazolinones (e.g., methaqualone)
Retigabine (ezogabine)
ROD-188
Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin)
Stiripentol
Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal))
Topiramate
Valerian constituents (e.g., valerenic acid)
Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, [[Chemistry:Diethyl diethyl ether, Par paraldehyde]], sevoflurane)

Negative modulators: 1,3M1B
3M2B
11-Ketoprogesterone
17-Phenylandrostenol
α5IA (LS-193,268)
β-CCB
β-CCE
β-CCM
β-CCP
β-EMGBL
Anabolic steroids
Amiloride
Anisatin
β-Lactams (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems)
Basmisanil
Bemegride
Bicyclic phosphates (TBPS, TBPO, IPTBO)
BIDN
Bilobalide
Bupropion
CHEB
Chlorophenylsilatrane
Cicutoxin
Cloflubicyne
Cyclothiazide
DHEA
DHEA-S
Dieldrin
(+)-DMBB
DMCM
DMPC
EBOB
Etbicyphat
FG-7142 (ZK-31906)
Fiproles (e.g., fipronil)
Flavonoids (e.g., amentoflavone, oroxylin A)
Flumazenil
Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin)
Flurothyl
Furosemide
Golexanolone
Iomazenil (¹²³I)
IPTBO
Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)
L-655,708
Laudanosine
Leptazol
Lindane
MaxiPost
Morphine
Morphine-3-glucuronide
MRK-016
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Nicardipine
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens (e.g., [[apalutamide, [[Chemistry:Bicalutbicalutamide, Enzalut enzalutamide, Chemistry:Flutamide|flut]]amide]], nilutamide)
Oenanthotoxin
Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)
Phenylsilatrane
Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin, picrotoxinin and dihydropicrotoxinin)
Pregnenolone sulfate
Propybicyphat
PWZ-029
Radequinil
Ro 15-4513
Ro 19-4603
RO4882224
RO4938581
Sarmazenil
SCS
Suritozole
TB-21007
TBOB
TBPS
TCS-1105
Terbequinil
TETS
Thujone
U-93631
Zinc
ZK-93426

   | group2 = GABA_A-ρ
   | list2  =

Negative modulators: 5α-Dihydroprogesterone
Bilobalide
Loreclezole
Picrotoxin (picrotin, picrotoxinin)
Pregnanolone
ROD-188
THDOC
Zinc

}}

 | group2 = Metabotropic

| list2 =

 | below =

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators; GABA_A receptor positive modulators; GABA metabolism/transport modulators

}}

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilobalide. Read more

[pmid19195661-1] "Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals". Journal of Chromatography A 1216 (11): 2002–32. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.013. PMID 19195661.

[2] Dewick, P. M. Medicinal Natural Products: Products:A Biosynthetic Approach. Third Edition ed.; Wiley&Sons: West Sussex, England, 2009; p 230-232.

[pmid12457632-3] Defeudis FV (2002). "Bilobalide and neuroprotection". Pharmacological Research 46 (6): 565–8. doi:10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00233-5. PMID 12457632.

[pmid18325484-4] "Role of glycine receptors and glycine release for the neuroprotective activity of bilobalide". Brain Research 1201: 143–50. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.052. PMID 18325484.

[pmid18421621-5] "Induction of cytochrome P450s by terpene trilactones and flavonoids of the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in rats". Xenobiotica 38 (5): 465–81. 2008. doi:10.1080/00498250701883233. PMID 18421621.

[6] ttp://sydney.edu.au/medicine/pharmacology/adrien-albert/images/pdfs/RefsPDFs/376.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

[7] "Archived copy". http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/pharmacology/adrien-albert/images/pdfs/RefsPDFs/376.pdf.

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Clinical data


Routes of administration	By mouth
Legal status
Legal status	In general: legal
Identifiers
IUPAC name (5aR-(3aS,5aα,8b,8aS,9a,10aα))-9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-4H,5aH,9H-furo[2,3-b]furo[3',2':2,3]cyclopenta[1,2-c]furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione
CAS Number	33570-04-6^Y
PubChem CID	73581
IUPHAR/BPS	2366
ChemSpider	21106418^Y
UNII	M81D2O8H7U
ChEBI	CHEBI:3103
ChEMBL	ChEMBL133266^N
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₅H₁₈O₈
Molar mass	326.301 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES CC(C)(C)[C@@]1(C[C@H]2[C@@]3([C@]14[C@H](C(=O)O[C@H]4OC3=O)O)CC(=O)O2)O
InChI InChI=1S/C15H18O8/c1-12(2,3)14(20)4-6-13(5-7(16)21-6)10(19)23-11-15(13,14)8(17)9(18)22-11/h6,8,11,17,20H,4-5H2,1-3H3/t6-,8-,11-,13-,14+,15?/m0/s1^Y Key:MOLPUWBMSBJXER-ISSLQHLCSA-N^Y
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Anonymous

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