Biology:Cation channels of sperm
| Cation channels of sperm | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | CATSPER | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF15020 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR028246 | ||||||||
| Membranome | 222 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| cation channel, sperm associated 1 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CATSPER1 |
| IUPHAR | 388 |
| NCBI gene | 117144 |
| HGNC | 17116 |
| OMIM | 606389 |
| RefSeq | NM_053054 |
| UniProt | Q8NEC5 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 11 q12.1 |
| cation channel, sperm associated 2 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CATSPER2 |
| IUPHAR | 389 |
| NCBI gene | 117155 |
| HGNC | 18810 |
| OMIM | 607249 |
| RefSeq | NM_172097 |
| UniProt | Q96P55 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 15 q13-q15 |
| cation channel, sperm associated 3 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CATSPER3 |
| IUPHAR | 390 |
| NCBI gene | 347732 |
| HGNC | 20819 |
| OMIM | 609120 |
| RefSeq | NM_178019 |
| UniProt | Q86XQ3 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 5 q31.2 |
| cation channel, sperm associated 4 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | CATSPER4 |
| IUPHAR | 391 |
| NCBI gene | 378807 |
| HGNC | 23220 |
| OMIM | 609121 |
| RefSeq | NM_198137 |
| UniProt | Q7RTX7 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 1 p35.3 |
The cation channels of sperm also known as Catsper channels or CatSper, are ion channels that are related to the two-pore channels and distantly related to TRP channels. The four members of this family form voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that seem to be specific to sperm. As sperm encounter the more alkaline environment of the female reproductive tract, CatSper channels become activated by the altered ion concentration. These channels are required for proper fertilization.[1] The study of these channels has been slow because they do not traffic to the cell membrane in many heterologous systems.[2]
There are several factors that can activate the CatSper calcium channel, depending on species. In the human, the channel is activated by progesterone released by the oocyte.[3] Progesterone binds to the protein ABHD2 which is present in the sperm plasma membrane, which causes ABHD2 to cleave an inhibitor of CatSper (2-arachidonoylglycerol) into arachidonic acid and glycerol.[4] The human CatSper channel is pH-sensitive, and requires a high-pH environment.[5] CatSper plays a key role in mediating hyperactive motility – prior to fertilization, sperm become entrapped within the fingerlike projections of the microvilli of the oviduct. In order for the sperm to fertilize the oocyte, CatSper must be present in order to initiate hyperactive motility, allowing the sperm to escape the microvilli and reach the oocyte for fertilization.[6]
Certain substances act as agonist or inhibitor of CatSper (e. g. Pregnenolone sulfate is an agonist, pristimerin and lupeol are inhibitors).[7]
Of the four members of the Catsper family, Catsper1 is found in the primary piece of sperm. Catsper1 plays an important role in evoked Ca2+ entry and regulation of hyperactivation in sperm. Catsper2 is localized in the sperm tail and is responsible for regulation of hyperactivation. Catsper3 and Catsper4 are found in both, the testes and sperm and play an important role in the motility of hyperactivated sperm. In humans, CatSper is distributed in quadrilateral nanodomains along the principal piece.[8] Although Catsper seems to play an important role in sperm function, Catspers1-4 null mice have been found to have normal testicular histology, sperm counts and morphology, which is indicative of normal progression of spermatogenesis.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ "All four CatSper ion channel proteins are required for male fertility and sperm cell hyperactivated motility". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (4): 1219–23. January 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610286104. PMID 17227845.
- ↑ "A novel gene required for male fertility and functional CATSPER channel formation in spermatozoa". Nature Communications 2 (1): 153. January 2011. doi:10.1038/ncomms1153. PMID 21224844. Bibcode: 2011NatCo...2..153C.
- ↑ "Progesterone activates the principal Ca2+ channel of human sperm". Nature 471 (7338): 387–91. March 2011. doi:10.1038/nature09767. PMID 21412339. Bibcode: 2011Natur.471..387L. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09767.
- ↑ "Unconventional endocannabinoid signaling governs sperm activation via the sex hormone progesterone". Science 352 (6285): 555–9. April 2016. doi:10.1126/science.aad6887. PMID 26989199. Bibcode: 2016Sci...352..555M.
- ↑ "The Catsper channel and its roles in male fertility: a systematic review". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 15 (1): 65. August 2017. doi:10.1186/s12958-017-0281-2. PMID 28810916.
- ↑ "CatSper1 required for evoked Ca2+ entry and control of flagellar function in sperm". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (25): 14864–8. December 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.2536658100. PMID 14657352. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10014864C.
- ↑ "Regulation of the sperm calcium channel CatSper by endogenous steroids and plant triterpenoids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (22): 5743–5748. May 2017. doi:10.1073/pnas.1700367114. PMID 28507119. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..114.5743M.
- ↑ "Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation" (in en). Cell Reports 24 (10): 2606–2613. September 2018. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.016. PMID 30184496.
- ↑ "Panax ginseng induces the expression of CatSper genes and sperm hyperactivation". Asian Journal of Andrology 16 (6): 845–51. 2014. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.129129. PMID 24969054.
External links
- CATSPER1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on CATSPER-Related Male Infertility
- "CatSper and Two-Pore Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.iuphar-db.org/IC/FamilyMenuForward?familyId=13.
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