Chemistry:CLCN1
Chloride channel protein, skeletal muscle (CLCN1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLCN1 gene.[1] CLCN1 regulates the electrical excitability of the skeletal muscle membrane. Mutations in this gene cause the human muscle disorder myotonia congenita, also known as Thomsen disease (when autosomal dominant) and Becker disease (when recessive).[2]
CLCN1 is one of nine genes (CLCN1-CLCN7, CLCNKa and CLCNKb) that make up the CLCN group of voltage-gated chloride channel genes.[3] While these genes have significant sequence homology, they have diverse functional characteristics.[2]
CLCN1 is critical for the normal function of skeletal muscle cells. For the body to move normally, skeletal muscles must tense (contract) and relax in a coordinated way. Muscle contraction and relaxation are controlled by the flow of ions into and out of muscle cells. CLCN1 forms an ion channel that controls the flow of negatively charged chloride ions into these cells. The main function of this channel is to stabilize the cells' electrical charge, enabling muscles to contract normally. In people with congenital myotonia due to a mutation in CLCN1, the ion channel admits too few chloride ions into the cell. This shortage of chloride ions causes prolonged muscle contractions, which are the hallmark of myotonia.
References
- ↑ "The skeletal muscle chloride channel in dominant and recessive human myotonia". Science 257 (5071): 797–800. Sep 1992. doi:10.1126/science.1379744. PMID 1379744. Bibcode: 1992Sci...257..797K.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "CLCN1 chloride voltage-gated channel 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) "]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1180.
- ↑ "Gene group: CLC chloride channel and transporter family (CLCN)". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. https://www.genenames.org/data/genegroup/#!/group/302.
Further reading
- "The skeletal muscle sodium and chloride channel diseases.". Brain 118 (2): 547–63. 1995. doi:10.1093/brain/118.2.547. PMID 7735894.
- "Chloride transport across kidney epithelia through CLC chloride channels.". Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 38 (7): 285–9. 1996. PMID 8741388.
- Fahlke C (2000). "Molecular mechanisms of ion conduction in ClC-type chloride channels: lessons from disease-causing mutations.". Kidney Int. 57 (3): 780–6. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00915.x. PMID 10720929.
- Pusch M (2002). "Myotonia caused by mutations in the muscle chloride channel gene CLCN1.". Hum. Mutat. 19 (4): 423–34. doi:10.1002/humu.10063. PMID 11933197.
- Colding-Jørgensen E (2005). "Phenotypic variability in myotonia congenita.". Muscle Nerve 32 (1): 19–34. doi:10.1002/mus.20295. PMID 15786415.
- Isobe M; Erikson J; Emanuel BS et al. (1985). "Location of gene for beta subunit of human T-cell receptor at band 7q35, a region prone to rearrangements in T cells". Science 228 (4699): 580–2. doi:10.1126/science.3983641. PMID 3983641. Bibcode: 1985Sci...228..580I.
- "Myotonia levior is a chloride channel disorder". Hum. Mol. Genet. 4 (8): 1397–402. 1995. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.8.1397. PMID 7581380.
- George AL; Sloan-Brown K; Fenichel GM et al. (1995). "Nonsense and missense mutations of the muscle chloride channel gene in patients with myotonia congenita". Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (11): 2071–2. PMID 7874130.
- Lorenz C; Meyer-Kleine C; Steinmeyer K et al. (1994). "Genomic organization of the human muscle chloride channel CIC-1 and analysis of novel mutations leading to Becker-type myotonia". Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (6): 941–6. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.6.941. PMID 7951242.
- Heine R; George AL; Pika U et al. (1995). "Proof of a non-functional muscle chloride channel in recessive myotonia congenita (Becker) by detection of a 4 base pair deletion". Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (7): 1123–8. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.7.1123. PMID 7981681.
- George AL; Crackower MA; Abdalla JA et al. (1995). "Molecular basis of Thomsen's disease (autosomal dominant myotonia congenita)". Nat. Genet. 3 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1038/ng0493-305. PMID 7981750.
- Steinmeyer K; Lorenz C; Pusch M et al. (1994). "Multimeric structure of ClC-1 chloride channel revealed by mutations in dominant myotonia congenita (Thomsen)". EMBO J. 13 (4): 737–43. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06315.x. PMID 8112288.
- Koch MC; Ricker K; Otto M et al. (1994). "Evidence for genetic homogeneity in autosomal recessive generalised myotonia (Becker)". J. Med. Genet. 30 (11): 914–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.30.11.914. PMID 8301644.
- Meyer-Kleine C; Steinmeyer K; Ricker K et al. (1996). "Spectrum of mutations in the major human skeletal muscle chloride channel gene (CLCN1) leading to myotonia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57 (6): 1325–34. PMID 8533761.
- "Novel muscle chloride channel mutations and their effects on heterozygous carriers". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58 (2): 317–24. 1996. PMID 8571958.
- "Mutations in dominant human myotonia congenita drastically alter the voltage dependence of the CIC-1 chloride channel". Neuron 15 (6): 1455–63. 1996. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90023-3. PMID 8845168.
- "A mutation in autosomal dominant myotonia congenita affects pore properties of the muscle chloride channel". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (6): 2729–34. 1997. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2729. PMID 9122265. Bibcode: 1997PNAS...94.2729F.
External links
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Myotonia Congenita
- CLCN1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Human CLCN1 genome location and CLCN1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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