Chemistry:Procaine

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Short description: Local anesthetic drug
Procaine
Procaine.svg
Procaine-3D-xray.png
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B2
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		Parenteral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityN/A
MetabolismHydrolysis by plasma esterases
Elimination half-life40–84 seconds
ExcretionRenal
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H20N2O2
Molar mass236.315 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
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Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is most commonly used in dental procedures to numb the area around a tooth[1] and is also used to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin. Owing to the ubiquity of the trade name Novocain or Novocaine, in some regions, procaine is referred to generically as novocaine. It acts mainly as a sodium channel blocker.[2] Today, it is used therapeutically in some countries due to its sympatholytic, anti-inflammatory, perfusion-enhancing, and mood-enhancing effects.[3]

Procaine was first synthesized in 1905,[4] shortly after amylocaine.[5] It was created by the chemist Alfred Einhorn who gave the chemical the trade name Novocaine, from the Latin nov- (meaning "new") and -caine, a common ending for alkaloids used as anesthetics. It was introduced into medical use by surgeon Heinrich Braun.

Prior to the discovery of amylocaine and procaine, cocaine was a commonly used local anesthetic.[6] Einhorn wished his new discovery to be used for amputations, but for this surgeons preferred general anesthesia. Dentists, however, found it very useful.[7]

Pharmacology

Procaine application before removal of a decayed tooth

The primary use for procaine is as an anaesthetic.

Aside from its use as a dental anesthetic, procaine is used less frequently today, since more effective (and hypoallergenic) alternatives such as lidocaine (Xylocaine) exist. Like other local anesthetics (such as mepivacaine, and prilocaine), procaine is a vasodilator, thus is often coadministered with epinephrine for the purpose of vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction helps to reduce bleeding, increases the duration and quality of anesthesia, prevents the drug from reaching systemic circulation in large amounts, and overall reduces the amount of anesthetic required.[8] As a dental anesthesic, for example, more novocaine is needed for root canal treatment than for a simple filling.[1] Unlike cocaine, a vasoconstrictor, procaine does not have the euphoric and addictive qualities that put it at risk for abuse.

Procaine, an ester anesthetic, is metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase through hydrolysis into para-amino benzoic acid (PABA), which is then excreted by the kidneys into the urine.

A 1% procaine injection has been recommended for the treatment of extravasation complications associated with venipuncture, steroids, and antibiotics. It has likewise been recommended for treatment of inadvertent intra-arterial injections (10 ml of 1% procaine), as it helps relieve pain and vascular spasm.

Procaine is an occasional additive in illicit street drugs, such as cocaine. MDMA manufacturers also use procaine as an additive at ratios ranging from 1:1 up to 10% MDMA with 90% procaine, which can be life-threatening.[9]

Adverse effects

Application of procaine leads to the depression of neuronal activity. The depression causes the nervous system to become hypersensitive, producing restlessness and shaking, leading to minor to severe convulsions.[citation needed] Studies on animals have shown the use of procaine led to the increase of dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain.[10] Other issues may occur because of varying individual tolerance to procaine dosage. Nervousness and dizziness can arise from the excitation of the central nervous system, which may lead to respiratory failure if overdosed. Procaine may also induce weakening of the myocardium leading to cardiac arrest.[11]

Procaine can also cause allergic reactions causing individuals to have problems with breathing, rashes, and swelling. Allergic reactions to procaine are usually not in response to procaine itself, but to its metabolite PABA. Allergic reactions are in fact quite rare, estimated to have an incidence of 1 per 500,000 injections. About one in 3000 white North Americans is homozygous (i.e. has two copies of the abnormal gene) for the most common atypical form of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase,[12][13] and do not hydrolyze ester anesthetics such as procaine. This results in a prolonged period of high levels of the anesthetic in the blood and increased toxicity.

However, certain populations in the world such as the Vysya community in India commonly have a deficiency of this enzyme.[13]

Synthesis

Procaine can be synthesized in two ways.

Procaine synthesis[14][15]
  1. The first consists of the direct reaction of the 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester with 2-diethylaminoethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide.
  2. The second is by oxidizing 4-nitrotoluene to 4-nitrobenzoic acid, which is further reacted with thionyl chloride, the resulting acid chloride is then esterified with 2-diethylaminoethanol to give Nitrocaine. Finally, the nitro group is reduced by hydrogenation over Raney nickel catalyst.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "How long does numbness last after the dentist?". Medical News Today. May 22, 2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321880. 
  2. ↑ "Procaine (DB00721)". DrugBank. 2009-06-23. http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00721. 
  3. ↑ "Procain-Reset: Ein Therapiekonzept zur Behandlung chronischer Erkrankungen." (in de). Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Ganzheitsmedizin 23 (5): 291–6. 2011. doi:10.1159/000332021. 
  4. ↑ "Local Anesthetics". Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (8th ed.). New York: Pergamon Press. 1990. p. 311. ISBN 0-08-040296-8. https://archive.org/details/goodmangilmansphe8good. 
  5. ↑ "The Preparation of the Local Anesthetic, Benzocaine, by an Esterification Reaction". 18 October 2006. http://courses.chem.psu.edu/chem36/SynFa06Web/Expt86.pdf. "Adapted from Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach, Pavia, Lampman, Kriz & Engel, 1989." 
  6. ↑ "From cocaine to ropivacaine: the history of local anesthetic drugs". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 1 (3): 175–82. August 2001. doi:10.2174/1568026013395335. PMID 11895133. 
  7. ↑ "The discipline of innovation". Harvard Business Review 3 (3): 68. May 1985. PMID 10272260. https://hbr.org/2002/08/the-discipline-of-innovation. 
  8. ↑ "Vasoconstrictors in local anesthesia for dentistry". Anesthesia Progress 39 (6): 187–93. 1992. PMID 8250339. 
  9. ↑ "Procaine". ecstasydata.org. http://www.ecstasydata.org/search.php?substance1=2023. 
  10. ↑ "Some correlations between procaine-induced convulsions and monoamines in the spinal cord of rats". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 51 (3): 369–76. November 1989. doi:10.1254/jjp.51.369. PMID 2622091. 
  11. ↑ "Novocain Official FDA information". drugs.com. August 2007. https://www.drugs.com/pro/novocain.html. 
  12. ↑ Ombregt, Ludwig (2013). "Procaine: Principles of Treatment". A System of Orthopaedic Medicine (3rd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 83–115. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3145-8.00005-3. ISBN 978-0-7020-3145-8. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Butyrylcholinesterase". http://www.omim.org/entry/177400. 
  14. ↑ "Ueber p-Aminobenzoësäurealkaminester". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie 371 (2): 142–161. 1909. doi:10.1002/jlac.19093710204. https://zenodo.org/record/1427583. 
  15. ↑ Einhorn A Höchst Ag U.S. Patent 812,554; "Verfahren zur Darstellung von p-Aminobenzoësäureaalkaminestern [Method for the prepareation of p-aminobenzoic acid alkamine esters]" DE patent 179627, published 1906-12-11; "Verfahren zur Darstellung von p-Aminobenzoësäureaalkaminestern [Method for the prepareation of p-aminobenzoic acid alkamine esters]" DE patent 194748, published 1908-01-28, addendendum to DE 179627.

Further reading

  • "Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen von Procain: Was ist gesichert?". Komplement Integr. Med. 2: 32–4. 2007. 



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