Chemistry:Herkinorin
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| Formula | C28H30O8 |
| Molar mass | 494.540 g·mol−1 |
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Herkinorin is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of the natural product salvinorin A. It was discovered in 2005 during structure-activity relationship studies into neoclerodane diterpenes, the family of chemical compounds of which salvinorin A is a member.[1]
Unlike salvinorin A, which is a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist with no significant μ-opioid receptor affinity, herkinorin is predominantly a μ-opioid receptor agonist. Compared to salvinorin A, herkinorin has 47× lower affinity for κ-opioid receptors (Ki ＝ 90 nM vs Ki ＝ 1.9 nM), and at least 25× higher affinity for μ-opioid receptors (Ki ＝ 12 nM vs Ki >1000 nM), where it acts as a full agonist (IC50 ＝ 0.5 μM, Emax ＝ 130% vs DAMGO).[2][3] Herkinorin is a semi-synthetic compound, made from salvinorin B, which is most conveniently made from salvinorin A by deacetylation, since, while both salvinorin A and salvinorin B are found in the plant Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A is present in larger quantities.[4]
A study in primates showed it to act peripherally as both a μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonist, with a fast onset of action. The study did not find any evidence of central activity in primates and questions whether herkinorin's effects are due entirely to peripheral binding.[5] Unlike most μ-opioid receptor agonists, herkinorin does not promote the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 to the intracellular domain of the μ-opioid receptor, or induce receptor internalization.[6] This means that herkinorin may not produce tolerance and dependence in the same way as other opioids, although some development of tolerance through other mechanisms has been observed,[7] and some other analogues related to herkinorin can recruit β-arrestins.[8]
See also
References
- ↑ "Neoclerodane diterpenes as a novel scaffold for mu opioid receptor ligands". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 48 (15): 4765–71. July 2005. doi:10.1021/jm048963m. PMID 16033256.
- ↑ "Synthesis of salvinorin A analogues as opioid receptor probes". Journal of Natural Products 69 (6): 914–8. June 2006. doi:10.1021/np060094b. PMID 16792410.
- ↑ "Synthetic studies of neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: exploration of the 1-position". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17 (22): 6111–5. November 2007. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.050. PMID 17904842.
- ↑ "A facile method for the preparation of deuterium labeled salvinorin A: synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-salvinorin A". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 14 (20): 5099–102. October 2004. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.081. PMID 15380207.
- ↑ "The effects of herkinorin, the first mu-selective ligand from a salvinorin A-derived scaffold, in a neuroendocrine biomarker assay in nonhuman primates". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 327 (1): 154–60. October 2008. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.140079. PMID 18593955.
- ↑ "An opioid agonist that does not induce mu-opioid receptor--arrestin interactions or receptor internalization". Molecular Pharmacology 71 (2): 549–57. February 2007. doi:10.1124/mol.106.028258. PMID 17090705.
- ↑ "A comparison of noninternalizing (herkinorin) and internalizing (DAMGO) mu-opioid agonists on cellular markers related to opioid tolerance and dependence". Synapse 61 (3): 166–75. March 2007. doi:10.1002/syn.20356. PMID 17152090. https://zenodo.org/record/1229371.
- ↑ "Herkinorin analogues with differential beta-arrestin-2 interactions". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 51 (8): 2421–31. April 2008. doi:10.1021/jm701162g. PMID 18380425.
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