Chemistry:Dihydroetorphine
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| Formula | C25H35NO4 |
| Molar mass | 413.558 g·mol−1 |
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Dihydroetorphine was developed by K. W. Bentley at McFarlan-Smith in the 1960s[1] and is a potent opioid analgesic[2] used mainly in China. It is a derivative of the better-known opioid etorphine, a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medication used primarily for the sedation of large animals such as elephants, giraffes, and rhinos.
Dihydroetorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid used mainly as a strong painkiller for humans.[3] It is several thousand times stronger than morphine (between 1000× and 12000× more potent depending what method is used for comparison),[1] although it is poorly absorbed when taken orally. Sublingual forms of dihydroetorphine are used in China at doses ranging from 20 to 40 μg repeated every 3–4 hours, and are reported to cause strong analgesia and relatively mild side effects compared to other opioids, although all the usual opioid side effects such as dizziness, sedation, nausea, constipation, and respiratory depression can occur. Transdermal patches of dihydroetorphine have also been developed.[4]
Dihydroetorphine is considered to be somewhat less addictive than many other opioids, and it is also sometimes used in China as a substitute maintenance drug for opioid addicts,[5] in a similar fashion to how the related drug buprenorphine is used in western nations.[6][7] It is presumably controlled as an "ester, ether, [or] salt" of etorphine in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act 1970, and/or its pieces of the morphine carbon skeleton put it under the "morphine rule" thereof and/or the 1986 analogues act; it does not have its own ACSCN.[8] Regulation elsewhere may vary but would likely be similar to that for other strong opioid agonists.[citation needed]
Dihydroetorphine is illegal in Italy, as are its parent compounds etorphine and acetorphine.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. 3. Alcohols of the 6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine series and derived analogs of N-allylnormorphine and -norcodeine". Journal of the American Chemical Society 89 (13): 3281–92. June 1967. doi:10.1021/ja00989a032. PMID 6042764.
- ↑ "Anti-allodynic actions of intravenous opioids in the nerve injured rat: potential utility of heroin and dihydroetorphine against neuropathic pain". European Journal of Pharmacology 357 (1): 25–32. September 1998. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00531-7. PMID 9788770.
- ↑ "The orvinols and related opioids--high affinity ligands with diverse efficacy profiles". Current Pharmaceutical Design 10 (7): 717–32. 2004. doi:10.2174/1381612043453027. PMID 15032698.
- ↑ "Dihydroetorphine: a potent analgesic: pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical effects". CNS Drug Reviews 8 (4): 391–404. 2002. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00236.x. PMID 12481194.
- ↑ "Advances in dihydroetorphine: From analgesia to detoxification". Drug Development Research 39 (2): 131–134. 1996. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2299(199610)39:2<131::AID-DDR3>3.0.CO;2-Q. https://www.scribd.com/doc/38719318/Advances-in-dihydroetorphine-From-analgesia-to-detoxification-Q-Bo-Yi-Drug-Development-Research-1996-39-131-124-DOI-10-1002-SICI-1098-2299. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
- ↑ "Discriminative stimulus and antinociceptive effects of dihydroetorphine in rhesus monkeys". Psychopharmacology 166 (4): 351–9. April 2003. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1268-y. PMID 12601499.
- ↑ "Opioid ligands having delayed long-term antagonist activity: potential pharmacotherapies for opioid abuse". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 3 (2): 137–44. March 2003. doi:10.2174/1389557033405395. PMID 12570846.
- ↑ "DEA Diversion Control Division". http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/quotas/conv_factor/index.html.
- ↑ Salute, Ministero della. "Tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope" (in IT). https://www.salute.gov.it/portale/medicinaliStupefacenti/dettaglioContenutiMedicinaliStupefacenti.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=3729&area=sostanzeStupefacenti&menu=vuoto&tab=1.
External links
- "List of drugs in Schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act". DEA. http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1308/1308_12.htm.
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