Biology:CD93

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A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

CD93 (Cluster of Differentiation 93) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD93 gene.[1][2][3] CD93 is a C-type lectin transmembrane receptor which plays a role not only in cell–cell adhesion processes but also in host defense.[3]

Family

CD93 belongs to the Group XIV C-Type lectin family,[4] a group containing three other members, endosialin (CD248), CLEC14A[5] and thrombomodulin, a well characterized anticoagulant. All of them contain a C-type lectin domain, a series of epidermal growth factor like domains, a highly glycosylated mucin-like domain, a unique transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. Due to their strong homology and their close proximity on chromosome 20, CD93 has been suggested to have arisen from the thrombomodulin gene through a duplication event.

Expression

CD93 was originally identified in mice as an early B cell marker through the use of AA4.1 monoclonal antibody.[6][7] Then this molecule was shown to be expressed on an early population of hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to the entire spectrum of mature cells in the blood. Now CD93 is known to be expressed by a wide variety of cells such as platelets, monocytes, microglia and endothelial cells. In the immune system CD93 is also expressed on neutrophils, activated macrophages, B cell precursors until the T2 stage in the spleen, a subset of dendritic cells and of natural killer cells. Molecular characterization of CD93 revealed that this protein is identical with C1qRp, a human protein identified as a putative C1q receptor.[8] C1q belongs to the complement activation proteins and plays a major role in the activation of the classical pathway of the complement, which leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex. C1q is also involved in other immunological processes such as enhancement of bacterial phagocytosis, clearance of apoptotic cells or neutralisation of virus. Strikingly, it has been shown that anti-C1qRp significantly reduced C1q enhanced phagocytosis. A more recent study confirmed that C1qRp is identical to CD93 protein, but failed to demonstrate a direct interaction between CD93 and C1q under physiological conditions. Recently it has been shown that CD93 is re-expressed during the late B cell differentiation and CD93 can be used in this context as a plasma cell maturation marker. CD93 has been found to be differentially expressed in grade IV glioma vasculature when compared to low grade glioma or normal brain and its high expression correlated with the poor survival of the patients.[9][10]

Function

CD93 was initially thought to be a receptor for C1q, but now is thought to instead be involved in intercellular adhesion and in the clearance of apoptotic cells. The intracellular cytoplasmic tail of this protein contains two highly conserved domains which may be involved in CD93 function. Indeed, the highly charged juxtamembrane domain has been found to interact with moesin, a protein known to play a role in linking transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and in the remodelling of the cytoskeleton. This process appears crucial for both adhesion, migration and phagocytosis, three functions in which CD93 may be involved.

In the context of late B cell differentiation, CD93 has been shown to be important for the maintenance of high antibody titres after immunization and in the survival of long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow. Indeed, CD93 deficient mice failed to maintain high antibody level upon immunization and present a lower amount of antigen specific plasma cells in the bone marrow.

In the context of the endothelial cells, CD93 is involved in endothelial cell-cell adhesion, cell spreading, cell migration, cell polarization as well as tubular morphogenesis.[10] Recently it has been found that CD93 is able to control endothelial cell dynamics through its interaction with an extracellular matrix glycoprotein MMRN2.[11] Absence of CD93 or its interacting partner MMRN2 in the endothelial cells lead to disruption of extracellular matrix protein fibronectin fibrillogenesis and decreased integrin B1 activation.[11]

CD93 plays a significant role in the glioma development. CD93 knockout mice with glioma show smaller tumor size and improved survival.[10] The tumors also show disrupted fibronectin fibrillogenesis and decreased integrin B1 activation.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "cDNA cloning and primary structure analysis of C1qR(P), the human C1q/MBL/SPA receptor that mediates enhanced phagocytosis in vitro". Immunity 6 (2): 119–29. February 1997. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80419-7. PMID 9047234. 
  2. ↑ "Structural and functional evidence for microglial expression of C1qR(P), the C1q receptor that enhances phagocytosis". Journal of Leukocyte Biology 67 (1): 109–16. January 2000. doi:10.1002/jlb.67.1.109. PMID 10648005. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: CD93 CD93 molecule". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=22918. 
  4. ↑ "C-type lectin domain group 14 proteins in vascular biology, cancer and inflammation.". FEBS Journal 286 (17): 3299–3332. 2019. doi:10.1111/febs.14985. PMID 31287944. 
  5. ↑ "Identification and angiogenic role of the novel tumor endothelial marker CLEC14A". Oncogene 31 (3): 293–305. January 2012. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.233. PMID 21706054. 
  6. ↑ "Cell surface antigens expressed by subsets of pre-B cells and B cells". Journal of Immunology 132 (1): 332–9. January 1984. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.132.1.332. PMID 6606670. 
  7. ↑ "A novel CD93 polymorphism in non-obese diabetic (NOD) and NZB/W F1 mice is linked to a CD4+ iNKT cell deficient state". Immunogenetics 62 (6): 397–407. June 2010. doi:10.1007/s00251-010-0442-3. PMID 20387063. 
  8. ↑ "Human C1qRp is identical with CD93 and the mNI-11 antigen but does not bind C1q". Journal of Immunology 168 (10): 5222–32. May 2002. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5222. PMID 11994479. 
  9. ↑ "Transcriptional profiling of human glioblastoma vessels indicates a key role of VEGF-A and TGFβ2 in vascular abnormalization". The Journal of Pathology 228 (3): 378–90. November 2012. doi:10.1002/path.4072. PMID 22786655. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Elevated expression of the C-type lectin CD93 in the glioblastoma vasculature regulates cytoskeletal rearrangements that enhance vessel function and reduce host survival". Cancer Research 75 (21): 4504–16. November 2015. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3636. PMID 26363010. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "CD93 promotes β1 integrin activation and fibronectin fibrillogenesis during tumor angiogenesis". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 128 (8): 3280–3297. August 2018. doi:10.1172/JCI97459. PMID 29763414. 

Further reading

External links



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