Biology:ICAM3

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Short description: Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3) also known as CD50 (Cluster of Differentiation 50), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM3 gene.[1] The protein is constitutively expressed on the surface of leukocytes, which are also called white blood cells and are part of the immune system.[2][3] ICAM3 mediates adhesion between cells by binding to specific integrin receptors.[4] It plays an important role in the immune cell response through its facilitation of interactions between T cells and dendritic cells, which allows for T cell activation.[5][6] ICAM3 also mediates the clearance of cells undergoing apoptosis by attracting and binding macrophages, a type of cell that breaks down infected or dying cells through a process known as phagocytosis, to apoptotic cells.[4][7][8]

Protein Structure

ICAM3 is a 110-160 kDa protein that belongs to the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) family.[2] Like the other proteins in this family, ICAM3 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein and consists in part of a hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a short domain that extends into the cytoplasm.[9] ICAM3 also contains 5 extracellular immunoglobulin domains.[9]

Function

ICAM3 is found on the surface of leukocytes, and the ICAM3 gene is constitutively expressed in these cells.[2] Interactions between ICAM3 and specific integrin receptors facilitate adhesion between cells.[4]

Dendritic and T Cell Binding

ICAM3 has an important function in the immune cell response, as it helps facilitate initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells.[10] Resting T cells show high levels of ICAM3 expression.[10] ICAM3 on these T cells can bind to DC-SIGN, a transmembrane receptor present on dendritic cells, creating temporary contact between resting T cells and dendritic cells.[5][6] This adhesion allows the T cell receptor (TCR) to interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the dendritic cell, which, upon binding between the TCR, the MHC, and the peptide coupled to the MHC, facilitates T cell activation.[5][6][10]

Apoptosis

ICAM3 plays a role in apoptotic cell clearance by promoting the movement of macrophages, which ingest and break down unhealthy cells via phagocytosis, to cells undergoing apoptosis.[7] Apoptotic cells can release extracellular vesicles containing ICAM3, which acts as a chemoattractant to phagocytes such as macrophages, directing them toward apoptotic cells.[4][11] Apoptotic cells also contain altered ICAM3 proteins on their surface.[8] These altered proteins allow macrophages to specifically target and bind apoptotic cells.[8] This process is believed to involve binding between ICAM3 and CD14 receptors, which are a type of cell surface receptor expressed on macrophages and other phagocytes.[4][8]

Mast Cells

ICAM3 is also found on mast cells, another type of leukocyte.[3] Mast cells taken from human lungs and the HMC-1 line, a human mast cell line, both showed expression of ICAM3.[3] ICAM3 helps mediate the adhesion of mast cells to the extracellular matrix.[3]

Interactions

Dendritic and T Cell Binding

Binding between ICAM3 and DC-SIGN, which takes place during initial interactions between T cells and dendritic cells, occurs with high affinity.[5][10][12] This binding process is also calcium-dependent.[5][10][12]

Apoptosis

CD14, a receptor expressed on the surface of phagocytes, can also bind ICAM3.[4][8] Interactions between CD14 and altered ICAM3 molecules on apoptotic cells are believed to help promote phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.[4][8]

Integrins

ICAM3 is a known ligand for LFA-1, an integrin expressed by leukocytes.[10] To facilitate binding, the I domain of LFA-1 interacts with the ICAM3 protein’s first immunoglobulin domain.[10] ICAM3 also binds the integrin αDβ2.[9]

Additional Interactions

ICAM3 has been shown to interact with activated ERM proteins, including ezrin (EZR) and moesin, in T cells.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ICAM3 intercellular adhesion molecule 3 [Homo sapiens (human) - Gene - NCBI"]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3385. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and spermatogenesis". Human Reproduction Update 19 (2): 167–186. March 2013. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms049. PMID 23287428. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "The Art of Mast Cell Adhesion". Cells 9 (12): 2664. December 2020. doi:10.3390/cells9122664. PMID 33322506. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Cockram, Tom O. J.; Dundee, Jacob M.; Popescu, Alma S.; Brown, Guy C. (2021). "The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells". Frontiers in Immunology 12: 629979. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.629979. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 34177884. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "C-type lectin DC-SIGN: an adhesion, signalling and antigen-uptake molecule that guides dendritic cells in immunity". Cellular Signalling 22 (10): 1397–1405. October 2010. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.03.018. PMID 20363321. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Gupta, Rajesh K.; Gupta, G. S. (2012), Gupta, G. S., ed., "Dendritic Cell Lectin Receptors (Dectin-2 Receptors Family)" (in en), Animal Lectins: Form, Function and Clinical Applications (Vienna: Springer): pp. 749–771, doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1065-2_35, ISBN 978-3-7091-1065-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1065-2_35, retrieved 2022-03-11 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Numata, Yasunao; Hirayama, Daisuke; Wagatsuma, Kohei; Iida, Tomoya; Nakase, Hiroshi (2018), Turksen, Kursad, ed., "Apoptotic Cell Clearance in Gut Tissue: Role of Intestinal Regeneration" (in en), Autophagy in Health and Disease: Potential Therapeutic Approaches, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 87–100, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98146-8_6, ISBN 978-3-319-98146-8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98146-8_6, retrieved 2022-03-09 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Marek, Carylyn J.; Erwig, Lars-Peter (2009), Dong, Zheng; Yin, Xiao-Ming, eds., "Clearance of Apoptotic Cells – Mechanisms and Consequences" (in en), Essentials of Apoptosis: A Guide for Basic and Clinical Research (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press): pp. 261–282, doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-381-7_11, ISBN 978-1-60327-381-7, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-381-7_11, retrieved 2022-03-09 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "3. Adhesion molecules and receptors". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2008 Mini-Primer on Allergic and Immunologic Diseases 121 (2 Suppl): S375-9; quiz S414. February 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.030. PMID 18241685. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 "A novel adhesion pathway that regulates dendritic cell trafficking and T cell interactions". Immunological Reviews 186: 47–56. August 2002. doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18605.x. PMID 12234361. 
  11. ↑ "Current understanding of the mechanisms for clearance of apoptotic cells-a fine balance". Journal of Cell Death 6: 57–68. January 2013. doi:10.4137/jcd.s11037. PMID 25278779. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rahimi, Nader (2020-12-22). "C-type Lectin CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN: Cell Adhesion Molecules Turned to Pathogen Recognition Receptors". Biology 10 (1): 1. doi:10.3390/biology10010001. ISSN 2079-7737. PMID 33375175. 
  13. ↑ Cornely, Rhea; Grewal, Thomas; Gaus, Katharina (2012), Kavallaris, Maria, ed., "The Actin Cytoskeleton and Membrane Organisation in T Lymphocytes" (in en), Cytoskeleton and Human Disease (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press): pp. 103–121, doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-788-0_5, ISBN 978-1-61779-788-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-788-0_5, retrieved 2022-03-09 

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.



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