Biology:CD133

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example


CD133 antigen, also known as prominin-1, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the PROM1 gene.[1][2] It is a member of pentaspan transmembrane glycoproteins, which specifically localize to cellular protrusions. When embedded in the cell membrane, the membrane topology of prominin-1 is such that the N-terminus extends into the extracellular space and the C-terminus resides in the intracellular compartment. The protein consists of five transmembrane segments, with the first and second segments and the third and fourth segments connected by intracellular loops while the second and third as well as fourth and fifth transmembrane segments are connected by extracellular loops.[3] While the precise function of CD133 remains unknown, it has been proposed that it acts as an organizer of cell membrane topology.[4]

Tissue distribution

CD133 is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells,[5] endothelial progenitor cells,[6] glioblastoma, neuronal and glial stem cells,[7] various pediatric brain tumors,[8] as well as adult kidney, mammary glands, trachea, salivary glands, uterus, placenta, digestive tract, testes, and some other cell types.[9][10][11]

Clinical significance

Today CD133 is the most commonly used marker for isolation of cancer stem cell (CSC) population from different tumors, mainly from various gliomas and carcinomas.[12] Initial studies that showed ability of CD133-positive population to efficiently propagate tumor when injected into immune-compromised mice firstly were performed on brain tumors.[13][8][14][15] However, subsequent studies have indicated the difficulty in isolating pure CSC populations.[16] CD133+ melanoma cells are considered a subpopulation of CSC and play a critical role in recurrence.[17] Moreover, CD133+ melanoma cells are immunogenic and can be used as an antimelanoma vaccination. In mice the vaccination with CD133+ melanoma cells mediated strong anti-tumor activity that resulted in the eradication of parental melanoma cells.[18] In addition, it has also been shown that CD133+ melanoma cells preferentially express the RNA helicase DDX3X . As DDX3X also is an immunogenic protein, the same anti-melanoma vaccination strategy can be employed to give therapeutic antitumor immunity in mice.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells". Blood 90 (12): 5002–12. December 1997. doi:10.1182/blood.V90.12.5002. PMID 9389720. 
  2. ↑ "Rat prominin, like its mouse and human orthologues, is a pentaspan membrane glycoprotein". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 285 (4): 939–44. July 2001. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5271. PMID 11467842. 
  3. ↑ "Prominin-1 (CD133): Molecular and Cellular Features Across Species". Prominin-1 (CD133): New Insights on Stem & Cancer Stem Cell Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 777. 2012-11-05. pp. 3–24. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_1. ISBN 9781461458937. 
  4. ↑ "CD133: to be or not to be, is this the real question?". American Journal of Translational Research 5 (6): 563–81. September 2013. PMID 24093054. 
  5. ↑ "Expression of AC133, a novel hematopoietic precursor antigen, on acute myeloid leukemia cells". Blood 93 (4): 1435–7. February 1999. doi:10.1182/blood.V93.4.1435. PMID 10075457. 
  6. ↑ "The human AC133 hematopoietic stem cell antigen is also expressed in epithelial cells and targeted to plasma membrane protrusions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (8): 5512–20. February 2000. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.8.5512. PMID 10681530. 
  7. ↑ "Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas". The New England Journal of Medicine 353 (8): 811–22. August 2005. doi:10.1056/NEJMra043666. PMID 16120861. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors". Cancer Research 63 (18): 5821–8. September 2003. PMID 14522905. 
  9. ↑ "CD133: molecule of the moment". The Journal of Pathology 214 (1): 3–9. January 2008. doi:10.1002/path.2283. PMID 18067118. 
  10. ↑ "AC133/CD133/Prominin-1". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 37 (4): 715–9. April 2005. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.08.010. PMID 15694831. 
  11. ↑ "Prominin-1 glycosylation changes throughout early pregnancy in uterine epithelial cells under the influence of maternal ovarian hormones". Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 29 (6): 1194–1208. June 2017. doi:10.1071/RD15432. PMID 27166505. 
  12. ↑ "Cancer stem cell molecular markers verified in vivo". Biochem. Moscow Suppl. Ser. B 11 (1): 43–54. 2017. doi:10.1134/S1990750817010036. 
  13. ↑ "Elimination of cancer stem-like cells and potentiation of temozolomide sensitivity by Honokiol in glioblastoma multiforme cells". PLOS ONE 10 (3): e0114830. 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114830. PMID 25763821. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1014830L. 
  14. ↑ "Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (25): 15178–83. December 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.2036535100. PMID 14645703. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10015178H. 
  15. ↑ "Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma". Cancer Research 64 (19): 7011–21. October 2004. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1364. PMID 15466194. https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/585643/2/7011.full.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "CD133 negative glioma cells form tumors in nude rats and give rise to CD133 positive cells". International Journal of Cancer 122 (4): 761–8. February 2008. doi:10.1002/ijc.23130. PMID 17955491. 
  17. ↑ "Melanoma contains CD133 and ABCG2 positive cells with enhanced tumourigenic potential". European Journal of Cancer 43 (5): 935–46. March 2007. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.017. PMID 17320377. 
  18. ↑ "Vaccination with CD133(+) melanoma induces specific Th17 and Th1 cell-mediated antitumor reactivity against parental tumor". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 60 (11): 1597–608. November 2011. doi:10.1007/s00262-011-1063-x. PMID 21691723. 
  19. ↑ "DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 3, X-linked is an immunogenic target of cancer stem cells". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 62 (10): 1619–28. October 2013. doi:10.1007/s00262-013-1467-x. PMID 23974721. 

Further reading

External links



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