Biology:NT5E

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Short description: Convert AMP to adenosine.


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

5′-nucleotidase (5′-NT), also known as ecto-5′-nucleotidase or CD73 (cluster of differentiation 73), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NT5E gene.[1] CD73 commonly serves to convert AMP to adenosine.[2]

Transcription factor binding sites

NT5E contains binding sites for transcription factors AP-2, SMAD proteins, SP-1 and elements responsive to c-AMP , which can be found in c-AMP promoter parts. SMADs 2, 3, 4 and 5 and SP-1 are binding to the NT5E promoter in rats, as was proven in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Due to the fact, that the human and rat NT5E transcripts are 89% identical, human NT5E could be also regulated by SMAD proteins.[3]

Function

Ecto-5-prime-nucleotidase (5-prime-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.3.5) catalyzes the conversion at neutral pH of purine 5-prime mononucleotides to nucleosides, the preferred substrate being AMP. The enzyme consists of a dimer of 2 identical 70-kD subunits bound by a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol linkage to the external face of the plasma membrane. The enzyme is used as a marker of lymphocyte differentiation. Consequently, a deficiency of NT5 occurs in a variety of immunodeficiency diseases (e.g., see MIM 102700, MIM 300300). Other forms of 5-prime nucleotidase exist in the cytoplasm and lysosomes and can be distinguished from ecto-NT5 by their substrate affinities, requirement for divalent magnesium ion, activation by ATP, and inhibition by inorganic phosphate.[4] Rare allelic variants are associated with a syndrome of adult-onset calcification of joints and arteries (CALJA) affecting the iliac, femoral, and tibial arteries reducing circulation in the legs and the joints of the hands and feet causing pain.[5][6][7]

Immunosuppression

NT5E (CD73) is a surface enzyme which is expressed on multiple cells. This enzyme mediates the gradual hydrolysis of the autocrine and paracrine danger signals of ATP and ADP to anti-inflammatory adenosine. Immune suppression mediated by adenosinergic pathways is very important for maintaining immune system homeostasis. Immune suppressive functions of T regulatory cells are also dependent on CD73 expression. Treg's generally suppress the immune response. They affect proliferation and function of T cell.[8] CD73 also occurs on anergic CD4 + T cells, thereby maintaining self tolerance to healthy tissues as well as protecting the fetus from the mother's immune system during pregnancy. Also described was adenosine generated by NT5E, which limits the inflammatory immune response by negative feedback in neutrophil which express the adenosine receptor.[9]

As a drug target

Some tumours have upregulation and overexpression of CD73 so it has been proposed as a drug target for cancer therapy.[10][11][12]

An anti-CD73 antibody CPI-006 has started early stage clinical trials as a treatment for advanced cancers.[13]

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Specialized immune cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells also mediate their effects via adenosine generated by local ectonucleotidase. In some cases of lupus patients, adequate T cell expression of CD73 is missing, which shows an impaired regulatory function of T cells.[14]

Cancer

NT5E can act as an immune inhibitory control molecule. Free adenosine generated by NT5E inhibits cellular immune responses and thereby promotes immune escape of tumor cells.[9] Due to enzymatic and non-enzymatic properties, CD73 is involved in cancer-related processes and is upregulated in many cancers such as leukemia, glioblastoma, melanoma, oesophageal, prostate, ovarian and breast cancer. It is an important key molecule in cancer regulation and development and is involved in tumor progression. In addition, NT5E functions as an adhesion and signaling molecule and can regulate cellular signaling with extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin and laminin. This can mediate the metastatic and invasive properties of cancer.[15] In mouse breast and prostate cancer tumor models as well as in breast cancer xenograft model, NT5E was confirmed to support tumor angiogenesis. His expression promotes invasion and metastasis of murine and human melanoma cells and human breast cancer cells. Tumor infiltration by cells which express NT5E such as myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), Treg's, dendritic cells (DC) leads to accumulation of adenosine. Subsequently, cAMP signaling is triggered in T cell that express the adenosine A2A receptor.[16] Adenosine receptor are also expressed on macrophage, DCs, MDSC and natural killer cell(NK). Thus, adenosine may inhibit the function of these immune cells. In addition, the tumor cells may also express adenosine A1 and A3 receptors associated with Gαi proteins, promoting both the migration and proliferation of tumor cells.[9][15][17] Especially due to its beneficial effects in mouse tumor model, anti-CD73 therapy is now a promising approach to cancer treatment in the future. CD73 inhibitor are currently being tested in clinical trials for the cancer treatment.[15]

miRNA

MicroRNA are small non-coding RNA molecules which regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional level via binding to mRNA. This leads to degradation of the target mRNA molecule or translational repression. In tumor cells the miRNA expression pattern often change and therefore affect the surface NT5E, which as result interfere the anti-tumor immune response.[18][19] For example, studies confirm the role of the miR30 family in NT5E regulation. Upon miR-30a-5p expression, NT5E expression was decreased.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Primary structure of human placental 5'-nucleotidase and identification of the glycolipid anchor in the mature form". European Journal of Biochemistry 191 (3): 563–9. August 1990. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19158.x. PMID 2129526. 
  2. ↑ Allard, Bertrand; Cousineau, Isabelle; Spring, Kathleen; Stagg, John (2019-01-01), "Chapter Fifteen - Measurement of CD73 enzymatic activity using luminescence-based and colorimetric assays", in Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Rudqvist, Nils-Petter (in en), Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy – Molecular Methods, Methods in Enzymology, 629, Academic Press, pp. 269–289, doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2019.10.007, PMID 31727245, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0076687919304094, retrieved 2020-11-28 
  3. ↑ "Controlling the Immune Suppressor: Transcription Factors and MicroRNAs Regulating CD73/NT5E" (in en). Frontiers in Immunology 9: 813. 2018. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00813. PMID 29720980. 
  4. ↑ "Entrez Gene: NT5E 5′-nucleotidase, ecto (CD73)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4907. 
  5. ↑ "NT5E mutations and arterial calcifications". The New England Journal of Medicine 364 (5): 432–42. February 2011. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0912923. PMID 21288095. 
  6. ↑ "Heredo-familial vascular and articular calcification". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 13 (1): 15–27. March 1954. doi:10.1136/ard.13.1.15. PMID 13149051. 
  7. ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 211800
  8. ↑ "The role of adenosinergic pathway in human autoimmune diseases". Immunologic Research 64 (5–6): 1133–1141. December 2016. doi:10.1007/s12026-016-8870-2. PMID 27665459. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Controlling the Immune Suppressor: Transcription Factors and MicroRNAs Regulating CD73/NT5E". Frontiers in Immunology 9: 813. 2018-04-18. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00813. PMID 29720980. 
  10. ↑ Targeting adenosine for cancer immunotherapy 2018
  11. ↑ Anti-CD73 in Cancer Immunotherapy: Awakening New Opportunities 2016
  12. ↑ "CD73 as a potential opportunity for cancer immunotherapy". Expert Opin Ther Targets 23 (2): 127–142. 2019. doi:10.1080/14728222.2019.1559829. PMID 30556751. 
  13. ↑ Anti-CD73 antibody agent appears safe, shows promise in advanced cancers
  14. ↑ "Ectonucleotidase-Mediated Suppression of Lupus Autoimmunity and Vascular Dysfunction" (in en). Frontiers in Immunology 9: 1322. 2018. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01322. PMID 29942314. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "CD73/NT5E is a target of miR-30a-5p and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer". Molecular Cancer 16 (1): 34. February 2017. doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0591-1. PMID 28158983. 
  16. ↑ "2B-mediated feedforward circuit enforces an immune checkpoint". Nature Communications 11 (1): 515. January 2020. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-14060-x. PMID 31980601. 
  17. ↑ Tripathi, Abhishek; Lin, Edwin; Nussenzveig, Roberto; Yandell, Mark; Pal, Sumanta K.; Agarwal, Neeraj (2019-05-20). "NT5E expression and the immune landscape of prostate cancer (PC): An analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas database.". Journal of Clinical Oncology 37 (15_suppl): e16591. doi:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.e16591. ISSN 0732-183X. 
  18. ↑ "Editorial: Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Cancer Immunotherapy" (in en). Frontiers in Immunology 9: 2878. 2018. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02878. PMID 30568661. 
  19. ↑ "MicroRNA-187, a downstream effector of TGFβ pathway, suppresses Smad-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer". Cancer Letters 373 (2): 203–13. April 2016. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.037. PMID 26820227. 

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.



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