Chemistry:ANAVEX2-73
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| Formula | C19H23NO |
| Molar mass | 281.399 g·mol−1 |
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ANAVEX2-73 is an experimental drug is in Phase II trials for Alzheimer's disease, phase I trials for epilepsy, and in preclinical trials for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Rett syndrome, stroke.[1][2] ANAVEX2-73 acts as a muscarinic receptor and a moderate sigma1 receptor agonist.[1] ANAVEX2-73 may function as a pro-drug for ANAVEX19-144 as well as a drug itself. ANAVEX19-144 is the active metabolite of ANAVEX 1-41, which is similar to ANAVEX2-73 but it is not as selective for sigma receptor.[2]
Properties and uses
ANAVEX2-73 was originally tested in mice against the effect of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine, which induces learning impairment.[1] M1 receptor agonists are known to reverse the amnesia caused by scopolamine.[3] Scopolamine is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and motion sickness by reducing the secretions of the stomach and intestines and can also decreases nerve signals to the stomach.[3] This is via competitive inhibition of muscarinic receptors.[3] Muscarinic receptors are involved in the formation of both short term and long term memories.[1] Experiments in mice have found that M1 and M3 receptor agonists inhibit the formation of amyloid-beta and target GSK-3B.[clarification needed] Furthermore, stimulation of the M1 receptor activates AF267B, which in turn blocks β-secretase, which cleaves the amyloid precursor protein to produce the amyloid-beta peptide. These amyloid-beta peptides aggregate together to form plaques. This enzyme[clarification needed] is involved in the formation of Tau plaques, which are common in Alzheimer's disease.[clarification needed][4] Therefore. M1 receptor activation appears to decreases tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid-beta accumulation.[4]
Sigma1 activation appears to be only involved in long-term memory processes. This partly explains why ANAVEX2-73 seems to be more effective in reversing scopolamine-induced long-term memory problems compared to short-term memory deficits.[1] The sigma-1 receptor is located on mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and modulates the ER stress response and local calcium exchanges with the mitochondria. ANAVEX2-73 prevented Aβ25-35-induced increases in lipid peroxidation levels, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cytochrome c release into the cytosol, which are indicative of elevated toxicity.[clarification needed] ANAVEX2-73 inhibits mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and therefore prevents against oxidative stress and apoptosis. This drug prevented the appearance of oxidative stress. ANAVEX2-73 also exhibits anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant activity. This is due in part because sigma-1 agonists stimulate the anti-apoptoic factor Bcl-2 due to reactive oxygen species dependent transcriptional activation of nuclear factor kB.[5] Results from Marice (2016) demonstrate that sigma1 compounds offer a protective potential, both alone and possibly with other agents like donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, or the memantine, a NMDA receptor antagonist.[6]
References
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "ANAVEX 2-73". Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033840.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Muscarinic receptor 1 agonist activity of novel N-arylthioureas substituted 3-morpholino arecoline derivatives in Alzheimer's presenile dementia models". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 16 (15): 7095–101. August 2008. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.053. PMID 18640043.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Mitofusin-2 knockdown increases ER-mitochondria contact and decreases amyloid β-peptide production". Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 20 (9): 1686–95. September 2016. doi:10.1111/jcmm.12863. PMID 27203684.
- ↑ "Mitochondrial protection by the mixed muscarinic/σ1 ligand ANAVEX2-73, a tetrahydrofuran derivative, in Aβ25-35 peptide-injected mice, a nontransgenic Alzheimer's disease model". Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 8: 463. 2015-09-28. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00463. PMID 25653589.
- ↑ "Protection by sigma-1 receptor agonists is synergic with donepezil, but not with memantine, in a mouse model of amyloid-induced memory impairments". Behavioural Brain Research 296: 270–278. January 2016. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.020. PMID 26386305.
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