Chemistry:Scaline

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A scaline, also known as a substituted mescaline analogue and typically but not always a 4-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, is an analogue of the phenethylamine serotonergic psychedelic mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Other related compounds include the 2C (4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) and DOx (4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) compounds as well as 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) and other 4-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyamphetamines (3C drugs).[1][2][3][4] They are also mescaline analogues, but the 2C and DOx drugs have a methoxy group at the 2 position instead of the 3 position of the phenyl ring, while TMA is an amphetamine rather than a phenethylamine.[1][2][3][4]

The pharmacology of mescaline analogues has been studied.[8][9][10] Mescaline analogues, or 4-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines specifically, tend to be much less potent than the 2C and DOx drugs.[1][3][2] This relates to the fact that the 2,4,5-substitution pattern tends to be optimal in terms of receptor affinity and potency.[1][11] However, mescaline analogues are frequently much more potent than mescaline.[1][3]

Substituted mescaline analogues have been extensively characterized by Alexander Shulgin and described in his books such as PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved)[6] and The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds[7] as well as in his literature reviews.[1][3][4][5] They have also been studied by David E. Nichols[12][13][14] and Daniel Trachsel,[15][8][10] among other researchers.

Use and effects

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Doses and durations of scalines
Compound Chemical name Dose Duration
β,β-Dideuteromescaline (β-D) 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-β,β-dideuterophenethylamine 200–400 mg 12 hours
4-Desoxymescaline (DESOXY) 4-Methyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 40–120 mg 6–8 hours
4-O-Desmethylmescaline (DESMETHYL) 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
4-Trideuteromescaline (4-D) 4-Trideuteromethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 200–400 mg 12 hours
Allylescaline (AL) 4-Allyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 20–35 mg 8–12 hours
Asymbescaline (ASB) 3,4-Diethoxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine 200–280 mg 10–15 hours
Benzscaline (BZ) 4-Benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Biscaline (BI) 4-Phenyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Buscaline (B) 4-Butoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine >150 mg Several hours
Cyclopropylmescaline (CPM) 4-Cyclopropylmethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 60–80 mg 12–18 hours
Cycloproscaline (CP) 4-Cyclopropoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ≥60 mg ≥6 hours
Difluoroescaline (DFE) 4-(2,2-Difluoroethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 40–80 mg 6–12 hours
Difluoroisoproscaline (DFIP) 4-(1,3-Difluoroisopropoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Difluoromescaline (DFM) 4-Difluoromethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 50–100 mg 12–18 hours
Escaline (E) 4-Ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 40–60 mg 8–12 hours
Fluoroescaline (FE) 4-(2-Fluoroethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ≥75 mg ~6 hours
Fluoroisoproscaline (FIP) 4-(1-Fluoroisopropoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Fluoromescaline (FM) 4-Fluoromethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Fluoroproscaline (FP) 4-(3-Fluoropropoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 60–150 mg 3–5 hours
Isobuscaline (IB) 4-Isobutoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 60–100 mg 10–14 hours
Isomescaline (IM) 2,3,4-Trimethoxyphenethylamine >400 mg Unknown
Isoproscaline (IP) 4-Isopropoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 40–80 mg 10–16 hours
Mescaline (M) 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine 200–400 (50–800) mg 10–12 (6–14) hours
Metadifluoromescaline (MDFM) 3-(Difluoromethoxy)-4,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamine ≥85 mg ~8 hours
Metatrifluoromescaline (MTFM) 3,4-Dimethoxy-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Metaescaline (ME) 3-Ethoxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 200–350 mg 8–12 hours
Metaproscaline (MP) 3,4-Dimethoxy-5-propoxyphenethylamine >240 mg Unknown
Methallylescaline (MAL) 4-Methallyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 40–65 mg 12–16 hours
Phenescaline (PE) 4-Phenethyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine >150 mg Unknown
Phescaline (PH) 4-Phenoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Propynylscaline 4-Propynyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ≥80 mg 8–12 hours
Proscaline (P) 4-Propoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 30–60 mg 8–12 hours
sec-Buscaline (SBU) 4-sec-Butoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Symbescaline (SB) 4-Methoxy-3,5-diethoxyphenethylamine >240 mg Unknown
tert-Buscaline (TBU) 4-tert-Butoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Thioasymbescaline (TASB) 3-Ethoxy-4-ethylthio-5-methoxyphenethylamine 60–100 mg 10–15 hours
Thiobuscaline (TB) 4-Butylthio-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 60–120 mg ~8 hours
Thioescaline (TE) 4-Ethylthio-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 20–30 mg 9–12 hours
Thioisomescaline (TIM) 2,3-Dimethoxy-4-methylthiophenethylamine >240 mg Unknown
Thiomescaline (TM) 4-Methylthio-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 20–40 mg 10–15 hours
Thiometaescaline (TME) 3-Ethoxy-4-methylthio-5-methoxyphenethylamine 60–100 mg 10–15 hours
Thioproscaline (TP) 4-Propylthio-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 20–25 mg 10–15 hours
Thiosymbescaline (TSB) 4-Methylthio-3,5-diethoxyphenethylamine >240 mg Unknown
Thiotrescaline (T-TRIS) 4-Ethylthio-3,5-diethoxyphenethylamine >200 mg Unknown
Trescaline (TRIS) 3,4,5-Triethoxyphenethylamine >240 mg Unknown
Trifluoroescaline (TFE) 4-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 35–65 mg 12–18 hours
Trifluoroisoproscaline (TFIP) 4-(1,1,1-Trifluoroisopropoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Trifluoromescaline (TFM) 4-(Trifluoromethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 15–40 mg 14–24 hours
Trifluoroproscaline (TFP) 4-(3,3,3-Trifluoropropoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ≥60 mg Unknown
Viscaline (V) 4-Vinyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine Unknown Unknown
Refs: [1][3][16][7][17][18][15][19][8]

Interactions

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

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Serotonin receptor affinities (Ki, nM) of selected scalines (Jain et al., 2025)[20]
Compound 5-HT1A 5-HT1B 5-HT1D 5-HT1E 5-HT2A 5-HT2B 5-HT2C 5-HT3 5-HT5A 5-HT6 5-HT7
Mescaline – – 794 – 1,950 398 – – – – –
Escaline – – 724 – – 148 1,950 – – – –
Isoproscaline – – 4,790 – 2,750 263 2,510 – – – –
Cyclopropylmescaline – – – – – 234 955 – – – –
Allylescaline – – – 490 2,450 245 1,320 – – – –
Methallylescaline – – 2,750 – 955 110 324 – – – –

Society and culture

Canada

Mescaline and 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) are the only scalines (and derivatives) that are controlled substances in Canada as of 2025.[21]

List of scalines

4-Substituted

  • Allylescaline (AL) (4-allyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Amylescaline (4-n-amyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Benzscaline (BZ) (4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Biscaline (4-phenyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Buscaline (B) (4-butoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Cyclopropylmescaline (CPM) (4-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Cycloproscaline (CP) (4-cyclopropoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Desmethylmescaline (DESMETHYL) (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Desoxymescaline (4-methyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Difluoroescaline (DFE) (multiple forms)
  • Difluoroisoproscaline (DFIP) (multiple forms)
  • Difluoromescaline (DFM) (4-difluoromethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Escaline (E) (4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Fluoroescaline (FE) (multiple forms)
  • Fluoromescaline (FM) (4-fluoromethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Fluoroproscaline (FP) (multiple forms)
  • Hexylescaline (4-n-hexyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Isobuscaline (IB) (4-isobutoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Isoproscaline (IP) (4-isopropoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Methallylescaline (MAL) (4-methylallyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Phenescaline (4-phenylethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Propynylscaline (4-propynyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Proscaline (P) (4-propoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Septylescaline (4-n-heptyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thiobuscaline (4-TB) (4-butylthio-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thioescaline (4-TE) (4-ethylthio-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thiomescaline (4-TM) (4-methylthio-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thioproscaline (4-TP) (4-propylthio-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)

3- or 5-Extended

  • Asymbescaline (ASB) (3,4-diethoxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine)
  • Metadifluoromescaline (MDFM) (3,4-dimethoxy-5-difluoromethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Metaescaline (ME) (3-ethoxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Metaproscaline (MP) (3,4-dimethoxy-5-propoxyphenethylamine)
  • Symbescaline (SB) (4-methoxy-3,5-diethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thioasymbescaline (4-TASB) (4-ethylthio-3-ethoxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thiometaescaline (4-TME) (4-methylthio-3-ethoxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thiosymbescaline (4-TSB) (4-methylthio-3,5-diethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thiotrescaline (4-T-TRIS; 4-thiotrisescaline) (4-ethylthio-3,5-diethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Trescaline (TRIS; trisescaline) (3,4,5-triethoxyphenethylamine)

3- or 5-Replaced

  • 3-Desmethylmescaline (3-DESMETHYL) (3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenethylamine)
  • 3-Thioasymbescaline (3-TASB) (3-ethylthio-4-ethoxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine)
  • 5-Thioasymbescaline (5-TASB) (3,4-diethoxy-5-methylthiophenethylamine)
  • 3-Thioescaline (3-TE) (3-methoxy-4-ethoxy-5-methylthiophenethylamine)
  • 3-Thiomescaline (3-TM) (3,4-dimethoxy-5-methylthiophenethylamine)
  • 3-Thiometaescaline (3-TME) (3-ethylthio-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 5-Thiometaescaline (5-TME) (3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-5-methylthiophenethylamine)
  • 3-Thiosymbescaline (3-TSB) (3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-5-ethylthiophenethylamine)
  • 3-Thiotrescaline (3-T-TRIS; 3-thiotrisescaline) (3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylthiophenethylamine)
  • 3,4,5-Trideoxymescaline (TMePEA) (3,4,5-trimethylphenethylamine)

2- or 6-Substituted

  • 2-Bromo-6-chloromescaline (2-bromo-6-chloro-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2-Bromo-6-methylmescaline (2-bromo-6-methyl-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2-Bromomescaline (2-bromo-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2-Chloromescaline (2-chloro-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2-Iodomescaline (2-iodo-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2-Methylmescaline (2-methyl-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2,6-Dibromomescaline (2,6-dibromo-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2,6-Dichloromescaline (2,6-dichloro-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2,6-Dimethylmescaline (2,6-dimethyl-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 2,3,4,5,6-Pentamethoxyphenethylamine (PeMPEA; 2,6-dimethoxymescaline)
  • 2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyphenethylamine (TeMPEA; TeMPEA-1; 2-methoxymescaline)

N-Substituted

α- or β-Substituted

  • BOM (β,3,4,5-tetramethoxyphenethylamine; β-methoxymescaline)
  • α-Ethylmescaline (AEM) (α-ethyl-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • β-HOM (3,4,5-trimethoxy-β-hydroxyphenethylamine; β-hydroxymescaline)
  • 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine (3,4,5-TMA; TMA; TMA-1; α-methylmescaline)

Cyclized

  • Bromojimscaline (1-(7-bromo-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)methanamine)
  • Bromotomscaline (1-(5-bromo-2,3,4-trimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl)methanamine)
  • DEMPDHPCA-M (DEMPDHPCA-mescaline; N,N-diethyl-1-methyl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxamide)
  • Flyscaline (mescaline-FLY)
  • Jimscaline (1-(4,5,6-trimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)methylamine)
  • Tomscaline (1-(2,3,4-trimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl)methylamine)

Other compounds

  • 4-D (4-trideuteromescaline; 4-trideuteromethoxy-3,5-methoxyphenethylamine)
  • 3,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (3,5-DMPEA; 4-desmethoxymescaline)
  • Beta-D (β-D; β-dideuteromescaline) (3,4,5-trimethoxy-β-dideuterophenethylamine; β-dideuteromescaline)
  • Isomescaline (IM) (2,3,4-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • Lophophine (2C-MMDA; 5-methoxy-MDPEA; MMDPEA; 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenethylamine)
  • 2-Thioisomescaline (2-TIM) (2-methylthio-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 3-Thioisomescaline (3-TIM) (3-methylthio-2,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine)
  • 4-Thioisomescaline (4-TIM) (4-methylthio-2,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine)

See also

  • Substituted methoxyphenethylamine
  • 3C (psychedelics) (4-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyamphetamines)
  • PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved)
  • The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Basic Pharmacology and Effects". Hallucinogens: A Forensic Drug Handbook. Forensic Drug Handbook Series. Elsevier Science. 2003. pp. 67–137. ISBN 978-0-12-433951-4. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6bb3a7499da8e9852b39cd4db16891147c83f5c6. Retrieved 1 February 2025. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Mescaline analogs: substitutions at the 4-position". NIDA Res Monogr (22): 27–37. 1978. PMID 101882. https://archives.nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/monograph22.pdf#page=38. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Structure-activity relationships of the classic hallucinogens and their analogs". NIDA Res Monogr 146: 74–91. 1994. PMID 8742795. https://archives.nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/monograph146.pdf#page=79. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Shulgin, Alexander T. (1978). "Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships". Stimulants. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 243–333. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0510-2_6. ISBN 978-1-4757-0512-6. https://bitnest.netfirms.com/external/10.1007/978-1-4757-0510-2_6. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Mescaline: the chemistry and pharmacology of its analogs". Lloydia 36 (1): 46–58. March 1973. PMID 4576313. https://bitnest.netfirms.com/external/Lloydia/36.1.46. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Alexander T. Shulgin; Ann Shulgin (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. ISBN 978-0-9630096-0-9. OCLC 25627628. https://books.google.com/books?id=O8AdHBGybpcC. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds. 1. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-9630096-3-0. OCLC 709667010. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Receptor Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkoxy-3,5-Dimethoxy-Phenethylamines (Mescaline Derivatives) and Related Amphetamines". Front Pharmacol 12. 2021. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.794254. PMID 35222010. 
  9. ↑ "Comparison of the behavioral effects of mescaline analogs using the head twitch response in mice". J Psychopharmacol 33 (3): 406–414. March 2019. doi:10.1177/0269881119826610. PMID 30789291. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Supplementum 276: Abstracts of the 8th Annual Spring Congress of the Swiss Society of General Internal Medicine: P181. New Mescaline Derivatives: Profiling of Scalines' Potency and Affinity on Different Serotonin Receptor Subtypes". Swiss Medical Weekly 154 (5): 138S. 21 May 2024. doi:10.57187/s.3896. ISSN 1424-3997. 
  11. ↑ "1-[4-(3-Phenylalkyl)phenyl-2-aminopropanes as 5-HT(2A) partial agonists"]. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (16): 3074–3084. August 2000. doi:10.1021/jm9906062. PMID 10956215. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=ad45346022bb7e6e1bec1fbfbcca3bcb60b13058. 
  12. ↑ "Lipophilicity and serotonin agonist activity in a series of 4-substituted mescaline analogues". J Med Chem 20 (2): 299–301. February 1977. doi:10.1021/jm00212a022. PMID 836502. 
  13. ↑ "Dihydrobenzofuran analogues of hallucinogens. 4. Mescaline derivatives". J Med Chem 40 (19): 2997–3008. September 1997. doi:10.1021/jm970219x. PMID 9301661. 
  14. ↑ "C-(4,5,6-trimethoxyindan-1-yl)methanamine: a mescaline analogue designed using a homology model of the 5-HT2A receptor". J Med Chem 49 (14): 4269–4274. July 2006. doi:10.1021/jm060272y. PMID 16821786. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Trachsel, D.; Lehmann, D.; Enzensperger, C. (2013) (in de). Phenethylamine: von der Struktur zur Funktion. Nachtschatten-Science (1 ed.). Solothurn: Nachtschatten-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-03788-700-4. OCLC 858805226. https://books.google.com/books?id=-Us1kgEACAAJ. Retrieved 31 January 2025. 
  16. ↑ Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (September 1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-0-5. OCLC 25627628. http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml. 
  17. ↑ Halberstadt, Adam L.; Chatha, Muhammad; Klein, Adam K.; Wallach, Jason; Brandt, Simon D. (May 2020). "Correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species". Neuropharmacology 167. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107933. PMID 31917152. PMC 9191653. http://usdbiology.com/cliff/Courses/Advanced%20Seminars%20in%20Neuroendocrinology/Serotonergic%20Psychedelics%2020/Halberstadt%2020%20Neuropharm%20potency%20of%20hallucinogens%20%20head-twitch.pdf. "Table 4 Human potency data for selected hallucinogens. [...]". 
  18. ↑ "Fluorine in psychedelic phenethylamines". Drug Test Anal 4 (7–8): 577–590. 2012. doi:10.1002/dta.413. PMID 22374819. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=c7b41be36b1f580a264a752521d151e6e2d9409d. 
  19. ↑ "Monoamine Transporter and Receptor Interaction Profiles in Vitro Predict Reported Human Doses of Novel Psychoactive Stimulants and Psychedelics". Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 21 (10): 926–931. October 2018. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy047. PMID 29850881. 
  20. ↑ "The polypharmacology of psychedelics reveals multiple targets for potential therapeutics". Neuron 113 (19): 3129–3142.e9. July 2025. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.06.012. PMID 40683247. https://www.cell.com/cms/10.1016/j.neuron.2025.06.012/attachment/7d8365fe-51f3-4a28-bf40-9999bec837f6/mmc11.pdf. 
  21. ↑ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act". https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/FullText.html. 




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