Chemistry:PRO-LAD

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PRO-LAD, or PROLAD, also known as 6-propyl-6-nor-LSD, is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide family related to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).[1][2] It is taken orally.[1]

Use and effects

According to Alexander Shulgin in his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved) and other publications, PRO-LAD has a dose range of 100 to 200 μg or 80 to 175 μg orally and a duration of 6 to 8 hours.[1][3][4][5] The onset is within 15 minutes.[1] It has around the same potency as LSD, which has a listed dose range of 50 to 200 μg.[1][3][4] On the other hand, PRO-LAD has a shorter duration than LSD, which has a listed duration of 8 to 12 hours.[1][6]

The effects of PRO-LAD have been reported to include a lack of visuals and other psychedelic effects at lower doses, considerable visuals at higher doses, fantasy, synesthesia, clear thinking, lack of "cosmic-type" thinking, humor, pleasantness, dulled emotions, uncomfortableness, paranoia, and lightheadedness.[1] It has been described as having relatively light or moderate effects.[1] In addition, it is said to "not have any of the flavor of LSD", to be less visual than LSD, and to be "not up to LSD", if that is one's standard, as it is "basically not like LSD".[1][7]

Interactions

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

PRO-LAD shows affinity for serotonin receptors, including for the serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors.[8][9][10][5] It acts as a partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor similarly to LSD.[9]

The drug fully substitutes for LSD in rodent drug discrimination tests and with about the same or slightly greater potency than LSD itself.[8][5][2][10][11] On the other hand, it was about 2- to 3-fold less potent than ETH-LAD or AL-LAD.[8][5][2][10][11]

Chemistry

Analogues

Analogues of PRO-LAD include LSD, ETH-LAD, IP-LAD, AL-LAD, BU-LAD, MAL-LAD, PARGY-LAD, CYP-LAD, FLUORETH-LAD, and FP-LAD, among others.[1][3][4][8]

History

PRO-LAD was first described in the scientific literature by Tetsukichi Niwaguchi and colleagues in 1976.[12] Subsequently, it was studied and described by Andrew J. Hoffman and David E. Nichols in 1985.[11] The hallucinogenic effects of PRO-LAD in humans were first described by Nichols in a literature review via personal communication with Alexander Shulgin in 1986.[7] The drug was later described in greater detail by Shulgin in his 1997 book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved).[1] PRO-LAD is said to have been encountered as a novel designer drug by 2015.[13][14]

Society and culture

Switzerland

PRO-LAD is illegal in Switzerland as of December 2015.[15]

United Kingdom

On June 10, 2014, the United Kingdom Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) recommended that PRO-LAD be specifically named in the UK Misuse of Drugs Act as a class A drug despite not identifying it as ever having been sold or any harm associated with its use.[16] The UK Home office accepted this advice and announced a ban of the substance to be enacted on 6 January 2015 as part of The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2014.

See also

  • Substituted lysergamide

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (September 1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. OCLC 38503252. http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal.shtml.  https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal51.shtml
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Stereochemical Aspects of Hallucinogenesis". Biochemistry and Physiology of Substance Abuse. 3. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 1991. pp. 1–39. ISBN 978-0-8493-4463-3. OCLC 26748320. https://bitnest.netfirms.com/external/Books/BiochemistryPhysiologySubstanceAbuse3.1. "TABLE 1 Effects of N-(6)-Alkyl Subtituents on LSD-Like Behavior and Serotonin Receptor Affinity in Rats [...]" 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Structure-activity relationships of the classic hallucinogens and their analogs". NIDA Res Monogr 146: 74–91. 1994. PMID 8742795. https://bitnest.netfirms.com/external/Books/NIDA146.74. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Basic Pharmacology and Effects". Hallucinogens: A Forensic Drug Handbook. Forensic Drug Handbook Series. Elsevier Science. 2003. pp. 67–137. ISBN 978-0-12-433951-4. https://web.archive.org/web/20250223164514/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6bb3a7499da8e9852b39cd4db16891147c83f5c6. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Psychedelics". Pharmacol Rev 68 (2): 264–355. April 2016. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478. PMID 26841800. 
  6. ↑ "Novel Psychoactive Substances-Recent Progress on Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action for Selected Drugs". Front Psychiatry 8. 2017. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00152. PMID 28868040. "Shulgin also described novel ergolines such as N-allyl-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide (AL-LAD), N-ethyl-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide (ETH-LAD), and N-propyl-nor-lysergic acid diethylamide (PRO-LAD) (200). These LSD-analogs are as potent as LSD (potency relative to LSD in human: AL-LAD: 110%, ETH-LAD: 140%, PRO-LAD: 90%), but AL-LAD and PRO-LAD have shorter duration of action (6–8 h) as ETH-LAD and LSD (both: 8–12 h) (189, 200).". 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Studies of the relationship between molecular structure and hallucinogenic activity". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24 (2): 335–340. February 1986. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(86)90362-x. PMID 3952123. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Lysergamides revisited". NIDA Research Monograph 146: 52–73. 1994. PMID 8742794. https://bitnest.netfirms.com/external/Books/NIDA146.52. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 McCorvy JD (16 January 2013). Mapping the binding site of the 5-HT2A receptor using mutagenesis and ligand libraries: Insights into the molecular actions of psychedelics (Ph.D. thesis). Purdue University. Archived from the original on 25 March 2025 – via Purdue e-Pubs.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hoffman AJ (August 1987). Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N(6)-alkyl norlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide derivatives (Ph.D. thesis). Purdue University. Table 7. 5-HT2 binding affinity of N(6)-alkyl norLSD derivatives. [...]
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Synthesis and LSD-like discriminative stimulus properties in a series of N(6)-alkyl norlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide derivatives". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 28 (9): 1252–1255. September 1985. doi:10.1021/jm00147a022. PMID 4032428. 
  12. ↑ "Lysergic Acid Diethylamideおよび関連化合物に関する研究(第4報)Norlysergic Acidの各種Amide誘導体ならびに関連化合物の合成". Yakugaku Zasshi 96 (5): 673–678. 1976. doi:10.1248/yakushi1947.96.5_673. ISSN 0031-6903. PMID 987200. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/yakushi1947/96/5/96_5_673/_pdf. Retrieved 27 March 2025. 
  13. ↑ "Novel psychoactive substances: the pharmacology of stimulants and hallucinogens". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 9 (7): 943–954. July 2016. doi:10.1586/17512433.2016.1167597. PMID 26985969. 
  14. ↑ "A highly sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for determining 15 designer LSD analogs in biological samples with application to stability studies". Analyst 150 (2): 290–308. January 2025. doi:10.1039/d4an01361a. PMID 39636448. Bibcode: 2025Ana...150..290W. 
  15. ↑ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in de). Der Bundesrat. https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html. 
  16. ↑ ACMD (10 June 2014). "Update of the Generic Definition for Tryptamines". UK Home Office. p. 12. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/318693/UpdateGenericDefinitionTryptamines.pdf. 

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