Chemistry:5-MeO-MiPT

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5-MeO-MiPT, also known as 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine or by its nickname Moxy, is an atypical psychedelic drug of the tryptamine and 5-methoxytryptamine families.[1][2][3] It has unique and unusual effects compared to other psychedelic tryptamines.[1][2][4][3][5] At low doses, its effects include stimulation, tactile and sexual enhancement, some MDMA-like entactogenic effects, and introspective and mild perceptual changes with few or no psychedelic visuals or time dilation, whereas at higher doses, it produces 5-MeO-DMT-like classical psychedelic effects.[1][2][4] It is usually taken orally or smoked.[1]

The drug acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors, among others.[6][7][8] It is closely related in chemical structure and effects to 5-MeO-DiPT, and is also related to other tryptamines like 5-MeO-DMT, 4-HO-MiPT, and MiPT.[1][2][4]

5-MeO-MiPT was first described in the literature by Alexander Shulgin and David Repke and colleagues in 1985.[2][5][9] It was later described by Shulgin in greater detail in his 1997 book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved).[1] Recreational use of 5-MeO-MiPT is significant but relatively rare.[5] It is often used as a substitute for 5-MeO-DiPT, which has similar effects but was became a controlled substance in the United States in 2003.[5] The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) proposed banning 5-MeO-MiPT as well in the 2020s, but later withdrew its proposal amid public opposition.[2] 5-MeO-MiPT, under the developmental code name MSD-001, is being developed for the treatment of psychiatric disorders by Mindstate Design Labs and is in phase 1 clinical trials for this purpose as of 2025.[3][10][11][12][13]

Use and effects

In his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved), Alexander Shulgin lists the dose of 5-MeO-MiPT as 4 to 6 mg orally and 12 to 20 mg smoked.[1][5] A wider recreational dose range of 0.5 to 20 mg or more orally has also been reported however.[2][14][15] Oral doses of 1 to 3 mg have been described as light, 3 to 8 mg as common or moderate, and 8 to 12 mg as strong.[15] Its onset of action when taken orally is described as very rapid, occurring within 15 to 45 minutes, peak effects appear to occur after around 1 to 2 hours, and its duration as 4 to 6 hours.[1][5] However, other sources state its duration as 3 to 8 hours.[2][15] A clinical trial confirmed that 5-MeO-MiPT has an onset of about 30 minutes and that peak effects occur after about 1.5 to 2 hours.[3] Its duration smoked is said to be 2 to 5 hours.[5]

5-MeO-MiPT has been described as having unique and unusual effects relative to other psychedelic tryptamines.[1][2][4] The effects of 5-MeO-MiPT differ depending on whether it is taken orally or smoked and are highly dose-dependent.[1][2] When taken orally at relatively low doses like 4 to 6 mg, it is usually described as not producing psychedelic visuals or related sensory effects and as producing only hints of time dilation.[1][2] However, it is said to produce a stoned state that includes an ease of interpretive fantasy, dream-like perception, intense conceptual thought and philosophical thinking, and mild perceptual effects like altered depth perception, minor wave pattern in peripheral vision, and slightly enhanced auditory acuity.[1] Moreover, the drug is described as producing stimulation, greatly enhanced tactile sensation and eroticism, enhanced music appreciation, tingling, shakes, and mild motor impairment.[1][2] Its head space is described as relatively "shallow", less confusing, and more easily tolerated compared to classical psychedelics.[2] Its effects have been described by users variably as both pleasant and negative.[1][2]

When smoked, 5-MeO-MiPT is described as having effects similar in many regards to those of 5-MeO-DMT.[1] These effects of smoked 5-MeO-MiPT include a powerful rush (but less intense than 5-MeO-DMT), loss of coherent thought, not much in the way of visuals, closed-eye visuals of moving and colored geometric patterns, intense waves of mental imagery of emotionally infused memories, impressive recall of early memories, intense depersonalization or disorientation of the normal sense of being a person in a body, loss of immediate contact with surroundings, emotional lability including laughing, crying, and vocal outbursts, groaning, writhing, shaking around, and general disorientation.[1] It is described as having a very rapid onset, with the peak phase lasting less than 30 minutes and waves continuing for up to a few hours.[1] It was described by one user as feeling like a hybrid between diethyltryptamine (DET) and 5-MeO-DMT.[1]

5-MeO-MiPT is also known by its nickname "Moxy"[2] and is closely related both in terms of chemical structure and effects to 5-MeO-DiPT (also known as "Foxy Methoxy").[1][4] These two serotonergic tryptamines at low doses have been described as very aphrodisiac and much more stimulant-like and party drugs than classical psychedelics.[4] However, they have been described as not innately aphrodisiac, but instead as enhancing tactile sensation in a way that lends itself to sex.[4] Matthew Baggott has described 5-MeO-MiPT as having some MDMA-like entactogenic effects at low doses, including tactile enhancement and feelings of empathy, intimacy, and closeness with others, and as producing classical psychedelic effects at higher doses.[16]

Mindstate Design Labs has described 5-MeO-MiPT as the "least psychedelic psychedelic that's psychoactive".[3] It is described as being quite psychoactive, but as lacking "hallucinations" and as not producing "mind-bending trips".[3] The drug was assessed at five different doses (up to at least 10 mg) by oral administration in a phase 1 clinical trial in 47 individuals.[3][17][18] Its effects included heightened emotions, associative thinking, enhanced imagination, and perceptual effects such as brighter colors.[3] However, there were no hallucinations, self-disintegration, oceanic boundlessness, or other typical features of psychedelic experiences.[3] Its onset was 30 minutes and its peak of effects was 1.5 to 2 hours.[3] Mindstate Design Labs has hypothesized that a mild psychedelic experience, as with 5-MeO-MiPT, could still provide therapeutic benefits without overt hallucinogenic effects.[3]

In addition to its use on its own, 5-MeO-MiPT, along with the related tryptamine psychedelic 4-HO-MET, is employed as a component of the MDMA-mimicking Borax combo.[2][19][20][21]

Side effects

Adverse effects of 5-MeO-MiPT include loss of appetite and insomnia.[1] Low-dose 5-MeO-MiPT did not cause any serious histopathological effects on the liver, kidney, and brain. High doses induce apoptotic cell death through caspase activity especially in some parts of the organs.[22] There is no known documentation of death attributed to the use of 5-MeO-MiPT alone.[2]

Interactions

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

5-MeO-MiPT activities
Target Affinity (Ki, nM)
5-HT1A 12–143 (Ki)
37–>10,000 (EC50)
108–109% (Emax)
5-HT1B 303–728
5-HT1D 23–103
5-HT1E 3,496–>10,000
5-HT1F ND
5-HT2A 113–449 (Ki)
5.9–566 (EC50)
82–107% (Emax)
5-HT2B 53–59 (Ki)
44–1,500 (EC50)
12–88% (Emax)
5-HT2C 790–2,186 (Ki)
39–745 (EC50)
90–115% (Emax)
5-HT3 >10,000
5-HT4 ND
5-HT5A 953–>10,000
5-HT6 130–281
5-HT7 20–122
α1A >12,000
α1B >10,000
α2A 175–>10,000
α2B 1,693–>10,000
α2C 637–2174
β1–β2 >10,000
D1 >25,000
D2 >25,000
D3 2,470–>25,000
D4 1,422–6,331
D5 >10,000
H1 3,900–>10,000
H2–H4 >10,000
I1 879
TAAR1 >15,000 (rat/mouse)
σ1 1,666–>10,000
σ2 90–918
SERT 3,300–>10,000 (Ki)
2,680–29,768 (IC50)
>100,000 (EC50)
NET >22,000 (Ki)
84,000 (IC50)
>100,000 (EC50)
DAT >26,000 (Ki)
>100,000 (IC50)
>100,000 (EC50)
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug interacts with the site. Refs: [6][7][8][23][24][25][26]

The mechanism that produces the hallucinogenic effects of 5-MeO-MiPT is thought to result primarily from serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonism combined with the 5-HT1A receptor activation.[9][23] 5-MeO-MiPT also potently binds to 5-HT2B receptor with high affinity but low efficacy, 5-HT2C receptors with moderate potency, and displays sub-micromolar affinity towards multiple other serotonin receptors.[6][26]

The drug generally displays higher binding affinity for the 5-HT1A over 5-HT2A receptor.[6][7] It was also included in the group of 5-methoxytryptamines for which computational docking analyses predicted a more favorable interaction in the 5-HT1A binding pocket compared to 5-HT2A receptor.[7] In contrast, assays yielded a wide range of results, with some showing comparable and one no activity up to 10 μM concentrations.[24] A 2024 BRET in vitro functional assay measuring G protein dissociation in humans found the drug to be one the few 5-HT2A-preferring 5-methoxytryptamines with a roughly 2-fold higher potency.[26] In mice, 5‑MeO‑MiPT produces hypothermia at high doses (30 mg/kg.)[27]

In addition to the serotonin receptors, 5-MeO-MiPT has also been found to show significant affinity to the serotonin transporter (SERT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), thereby acting as a moderately potent serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).[8][23] However, subsequent research contradicted the preceding findings and found that 5-MeO-MiPT did not significantly bind to or inhibit the human monoamine transporters.[6][7][24][26] The drug is also inactive as a monoamine releasing agent.[7][23]

Aside from those targets 5-MeO-MiPT was found to bind with sub-micromolar affinity to σ2, α2-adrenergic, and imidazoline-1 receptors.[6][26]

Neurotoxicity

5-MeO-MiPT has been found to produce neurotoxicity at high (2.7 mg/kg) but not low (0.27 mg/kg) doses in mice.[28][29] The drug itself does not appear to have been studied, but the closely related drug 5-MeO-DiPT has been found to produce serotonergic neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and associated cognitive deficits in rodents.[30][31][32][33][34] Other psychedelics have also been found to produce neurotoxicity in preclinical research.[28][35][36][37]

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption and distribution

Following intraperitoneal administration of 5-MeO-MiPT at doses of 2.7 mg/kg in mice the compound was detectable in blood, kidney, liver, and brain.[22] At lower doses of 0.27 mg/kg, concentrations of the parent compound remained below the limit of quantification in all samples.[22]

In one human case report 5-MeO-MiPT concentrations were measured at 160 ng/mL in blood and 3,380 ng/mL in urine samples collected approximately one and two hours post-exposure, respectively.[38]

In silico ADMET predictions projected high jejunal permeability and very high kidney permeability in MDCK cells, which suggests efficient gastrointestinal absorption and renal filtration.[27] The compound demonstrated nearly complete blood-brain barrier penetration (99% predicted), and was not predicted to be a substrate for P-glycoprotein, or organic anion transporters.[27] The predicted human percent unbound to blood plasma proteins was 45.5%, compared to 31.6% in mice.[27] The predicted volume of distribution (Vd) for 5-MeO-MiPT was 3.743 L/kg, lower than its structural analogue 5-MeO-DiPT (4.219 L/kg) and DMT (4.396 L/kg).[27]

Metabolism

5-MeO-MiPT undergoes extensive phase I hepatic metabolism, mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. In vitro experiments using pooled human liver microsomes identified seven phase I metabolites, of which five were found in vivo.[38][39] The major metabolic pathways include O-demethylation, N-demethylation, hydroxylation, and N-oxide formation.[38][39] The metabolic profile of 5-MeO-MiPT shows similarity to the structurally related compound 5-MeO-DiPT.[38]

In vivo analysis of forensic case sample identified five phase I metabolites in blood and seven in urine. The metabolites detected in both blood and urine included 5-MeO-NiPT, 5-HO-MiPT, 5-MeO-MiPT-N-oxide, and HO-5-MeO-MiPT.[38] Two additional phase II metabolites (glucuronides) were found in mice and in vitro models, but not in human urine sample.[38][39][40]

In silico ADMET predicted the compound to be a substrate but not an inhibitor for the CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 enzymes, and a substrate for CYP2A6 and CYP2B6.[27] Additionally, the compound is predicted to be both a substrate and inhibitor for the CYP2D6 enzyme.[27]

Detection of multiple metabolites in human urine sample two hours post-exposure, along with measurable blood concentrations at one hour, suggest relatively rapid metabolism and elimination.[38] Renal excretion is likely a major route of elimination.[38]

Chemistry

5-MeO-MiPT, also known as 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine, is a substituted tryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine, and N,N-dialkyltryptamine.[1] It is the N-methyl-N-isopropyl homologue of 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine).[1]

Properties

5-MeO-MiPT free base is a solid and is said to be a white or yellow crystalline powder[41][42] or to be light to dark orange in color.[43] It has a bitter taste.[44] The molecular weight of the free base is 246.35 g/mol,[45] while the molecular weight of the hydrochloride salt is 282.81 g/mol.[46]

The melting point of 5-MeO-MiPT free base is said to be between 100 and 150 °C[44] or to be 243.7 °C,[41] while the melting point of 5-MeO-MiPT hydrochloride is 162 to 163 °C.[1]

5-MeO-MiPT free base is soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF) (30 mg/mL), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (30 mg/mL), and ethanol (30 mg/mL).[47] 5-MeO-MiPT free base dissolves in organic solvents like chloroform, ether, benzene, and acetone but not in water, while 5-MeO-MiPT salts like 5-MeO-MiPT hydrochloride and 5-MeO-MiPT sulfate dissolve in water but not in organic solvents.[44]

The chemical stability of 5-MeO-MiPT as a crystalline solid at –20 °C is reported to be at least 5 years.[48]

Synthesis

The chemical synthesis of 5-MeO-MiPT has been described.[1]

Analogues

Analogues of 5-MeO-MiPT include methylisopropyltryptamine (MiPT), 4-HO-MiPT (miprocin), 4-AcO-MiPT (mipracetin), NB-5-MeO-MiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DALT, 5-MeO-MET, 5-MeO-MPT, 5-MeO-MsBT, 5-MeO-EiPT, 5-MeO-PiPT, and 5-MeO-iPALT (ASR-3001), among others.[1]

Positional isomers

6-MeO-MiPT and 7-MeO-MiPT are positional isomers of 5-MeO-MiPT.[49] They have been described by Alexander Shulgin as being inactive at doses of up to 50 mg and 70 mg orally, respectively.[49] Another notable positional isomer is 4-MeO-MiPT.[1][49]

Detection

5-MeO-MiPT causes the ehrlich reagent to turn purple then fade to faint blue. It causes the marquis reagent to go yellow through to black.[50]

History

5-MeO-MiPT was first described in the scientific literature by Alexander Shulgin and David Repke and colleagues in 1985.[2][5][9] It was later described by Shulgin in greater detail in his 1997 book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved).[1] The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) proposed banning 5-MeO-MiPT in the 2020s, but this proposal was later withdrawn.[2] The effort to make 5-MeO-MiPT a controlled substance was prominently opposed by the psychedelic community.[2]

Society and culture

Two tablets of 5-MeO-MiPT.

Canada

5-MeO-MiPT is not an explicitly nor implicitly controlled substance in Canada as of 2025.[51]

China

As of September–October 2015, China lists 5-MeO-MiPT as a controlled substance.[52]

Europe

Finland includes it in its decree banning certain psychoactive substances from the consumer market.[53] In Luxembourg it is not listed among prohibited substances, making it not illegal but a legal gray area there.[54]

United Kingdom

United States

In the United States, it is unscheduled at the federal level,[55] but may be treated as an analogue of 5-MeO-DiPT under the Federal Analog Act therefore if it is sold for human consumption and not for medical or scientific uses is illegal and prosecuted.

At the state level, "5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine" is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in Florida, prohibiting its purchase, consumption, sale, or possession.[56]

Research

5-MeO-MiPT, under the developmental code name MSD-001, is being developed for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.[3][10][11][12][13] It is under development specifically by Mindstate Design Labs.[3][10][11][12][13] As of October 2025, the drug is in phase 1 clinical trials in the United States and European Union.[3][10][11][57][58][59] A phase 1 trial was completed in July 2025.[3][10] Mindstate Design Labs has developed an artificial intelligence (AI) platform known as Osmanthus to analyze trip reports in order to identify relationships between receptor interactions and psychoactive effects.[60][61][62][63] Other research of this sort has also been conducted and published by other groups.[64] Mindstate Design Labs's platform has processed 70,000 online trip reports and led to the selection of 5-MeO-MiPT for development.[3][60][61][62][63] According to its developer, 5-MeO-MiPT is intended as a "neutral base compound" with mild effects on its own for use as a sort of "psychedelic tofu" in combination with other drugs to precisely modulate serotonin receptors and create various unique altered states of consciousness.[3][60][61][62][63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (September 1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. OCLC 38503252. http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal.shtml.  "5-MeO-MiPT". https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal40.shtml. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 "Meet Moxy: The Novel Psychedelic the DEA Tried To Ban". 9 January 2024. https://doubleblindmag.com/what-is-moxy/. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 "A Startup Used AI to Make a Psychedelic Without the Trip". WIRED. 24 September 2025. https://www.wired.com/story/a-startup-used-ai-to-make-a-psychedelic-without-the-trip/. Retrieved 12 November 2025. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "A qualitative descriptive analysis of effects of psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines". Human Psychopharmacology 35 (1). January 2020. doi:10.1002/hup.2719. PMID 31909513. "5-Meo-DIPT, Foxy, or Moxy (5-Meo-MIPT) are tryptamines that are distinct. A lot of people I know that like them think they're very aphrodisiac and much more stimulant and a party drug. My opinion on 5-MeO-MIPT is that it was a very sexual chemical ... it feels good to touch things, and that sort of sensation certainly lends itself to sex but I wouldn't call it innately an aphrodisiac.". 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "5-MeO-MiPT" (in ru). https://aipsin.com/newsubstance/1109/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens". European Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (8): 1327–1337. August 2016. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001. PMID 27216487. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 "Structure-activity relationships of serotonergic 5-MeO-DMT derivatives: insights into psychoactive and thermoregulatory properties". Molecular Psychiatry 29 (8): 2346–2358. August 2024. doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02506-8. PMID 38486047. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Psychedelics and the human receptorome". PLOS ONE 5 (2). February 2010. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009019. PMID 20126400. Bibcode: 2010PLoSO...5.9019R. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Psychotomimetic N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamines. Effects of variation of aromatic oxygen substituents". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 28 (7): 892–896. July 1985. doi:10.1021/jm00145a007. PMID 4009612. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 "MSD 001". 17 October 2025. https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800080520. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "After crunching 70k 'trip reports', Mindstate looks to test first AI-derived psychedelic on humans". 13 March 2024. https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/mindstates-first-ai-derived-psychedelic-heads-clinic. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Mindstate Design Labs AI-Designed Trial Gets FDA Approval". 10 September 2024. https://microdose.buzz/news/mindstate-design-receives-fda-approval/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Mindstate Uses AI to Design "Next-Gen" Psychedelics Combined With 5-MeO-MiPT". 20 September 2024. https://www.lucid.news/mindstate-uses-ai-to-design-next-gen-psychedelics-combined-with-5-meo-mipt/. 
  14. ↑ "Monoamine Transporter and Receptor Interaction Profiles in Vitro Predict Reported Human Doses of Novel Psychoactive Stimulants and Psychedelics". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (10): 926–931. October 2018. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy047. PMID 29850881. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Toxicology and Analysis of Psychoactive Tryptamines". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 (23): 9279. December 2020. doi:10.3390/ijms21239279. PMID 33291798. "5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT): 5-MeO-MiPT or "moxy" was marketed as a "plant fertilizer". Oral doses ranged from 1–3 mg (light), 3–8 mg (common) and 8–12 mg (strong), with typical 10–20 mg doses if inhaled [22,103]. The principal effects lasted 3–7 h and included a general heightening of awareness, mild euphoria, psychedelic visual effects, such as enhanced colors but also anxiety, nausea, confusion and paranoia. Repke et al. studied if the effects of the drug would differ depending upon the route of administration [104]. If ingested the effects were stimulating, with visual hallucinations prevailing. 5-MeO-MiPT metabolism studied by LC-HRMS/MS identified six phase I metabolites following N-demethylation, O-demethylation, demethylation and hydroxylation and N-oxide formation and hydroxylation of the parent compound and N-O-bis-demethylation of the metabolite 5-OH-MiPT [105].". 
  16. ↑ "DEA Proposes Adding Five Psychedelic Compounds to Schedule 1" (in en-US). 2022-01-25. https://www.lucid.news/dea-proposes-five-psychedelic-compounds-schedule-1/. 
  17. ↑ "Single Ascending Dose Study of MSD-001 in Healthy Participants". https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06702332. 
  18. ↑ "Study of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MSD-001 in healthy participants". 10 May 2025. https://ctis.eu/search/trial/2024-512939-67-00.html. 
  19. ↑ "Beyond Ecstasy: Progress in Developing and Understanding a Novel Class of Therapeutic Medicine". PS2023 [Psychedelic Science 2023, June 19–23, 2023, Denver, Colorado]. Denver, CO: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. 23 June 2023. https://2023.psychedelicscience.org/sessions/beyond-ecstasy-progress-in-developing-and-understanding-a-novel-class-of-therapeutic-medicine/. 
  20. ↑ Hamilton Morris (28 November 2023). "POD 92: Understanding and Improving MDMA with Dr. Matthew Baggott". The Hamilton Morris Podcast (Podcast). Patreon. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  21. ↑ "Borax Combo (Synonyms: Blue Bliss)". National Association of Drug Diversion Investigators (NADDI). 14 December 2022. https://www.naddi.org/glossary/borax-combo/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "New Psychoactive Substance 5-MeO-MiPT In vivo Acute Toxicity and Hystotoxicological Study". Balkan Medical Journal 38 (1): 34–42. January 2021. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2019.11.68. PMID 32936075. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain". European Journal of Pharmacology 559 (2–3): 132–137. March 2007. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.075. PMID 17223101. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes". Psychopharmacology 231 (21): 4135–4144. October 2014. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3557-7. PMID 24800892. 
  25. ↑ "Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A Receptor (5-HT2AR), 5-HT2CR, 5-HT1AR, and Serotonin Transporter". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 385 (1): 62–75. April 2023. doi:10.1124/jpet.122.001454. PMID 36669875. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 "Serotonin 1A Receptors Modulate Serotonin 2A Receptor-Mediated Behavioral Effects of 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine Analogs in Mice". ACS Chemical Neuroscience 15 (24): 4458–4477. December 2024. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00513. PMID 39636099. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 "Pharmaco-toxicological effects of the novel tryptamine hallucinogen 5-MeO-MiPT on motor, sensorimotor, physiological, and cardiorespiratory parameters in mice-from a human poisoning case to the preclinical evidence". Psychopharmacology 241 (3): 489–511. March 2024. doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06526-8. PMID 38214743. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Molecular and clinical aspects of potential neurotoxicity induced by new psychoactive stimulants and psychedelics". Exp Neurol 343. September 2021. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113778. PMID 34090893. "The tryptamine NPS 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT) has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death through caspase activity in mouse brain at high doses (2.7 mg/kg) (Altuncı et al., 2021).". 
  29. ↑ "New Psychoactive Substance 5-MeO-MiPT In vivo Acute Toxicity and Hystotoxicological Study". Balkan Med J 38 (1): 34–42. January 2021. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2019.11.68. PMID 32936075. 
  30. ↑ "The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review". Archives of Toxicology 89 (8): 1151–1173. August 2015. doi:10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x. PMID 25877327. Bibcode: 2015ArTox..89.1151A. 
  31. ↑ "5-methoxy-N,N-di(iso)propyltryptamine hydrochloride (Foxy)-induced cognitive deficits in rat after exposure in adolescence". Physiology & Behavior 103 (2): 203–209. May 2011. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.021. PMID 21295050. 
  32. ↑ "Comparison of the developmental effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (Foxy) to (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) in rats". Psychopharmacology 204 (2): 287–297. June 2009. doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1459-x. PMID 19198809. 
  33. ↑ "Neurotoxic Effects of 5-MeO-DIPT: A Psychoactive Tryptamine Derivative in Rats". Neurotoxicity Research 30 (4): 606–619. November 2016. doi:10.1007/s12640-016-9654-0. PMID 27461536. 
  34. ↑ "Effects of exposure to 5-MeO-DIPT during adolescence on brain neurotransmission and neurotoxicity in adult rats". Forensic Toxicology 37 (1): 45–58. 2019. doi:10.1007/s11419-018-0433-x. PMID 30636982. 
  35. ↑ "Serotonin 2C receptors are also important in head-twitch responses in male mice". Psychopharmacology (Berl) 242 (7): 1585–1605. July 2025. doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06482-9. PMID 37882810. 
  36. ↑ "Ecstasy-induced cell death in cortical neuronal cultures is serotonin 2A-receptor-dependent and potentiated under hyperthermia". Neuroscience 139 (3): 1069–1081. 2006. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.007. PMID 16504407. 
  37. ↑ "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity: an overview". Mol Neurobiol 39 (3): 210–271. June 2009. doi:10.1007/s12035-009-8064-1. PMID 19373443. "To further corroborate the fact that MDMA agonistic properties at the 5-HT2A receptor could produce neuronal death, DOI, a prototypical agonist of that receptor was added to cortical neurons [289]. DOI (10 to 100 μM for 24 or 48 h) also induced a dose- and time-dependent apoptotic cortical neuronal apoptosis, which was attenuated by ketanserin and R-96544 [289]. Ketanserin and R-96544 are competitive selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonists and only attenuated MDMA-induced cortical neurodegeneration. However, an antibody raised against the 5-HT2A-receptor, an "irreversible" non-competitive 5-HT2A receptor blocker, prevented almost completely MDMA- and DOI-induced cortical neurotoxicity [289, 290]. Neuronal apoptosis mediated by MDMA is accompanied by activation of caspase 3, which could be blocked by the antibody raised against the 5-HT2A receptor [290]. Therefore, it is likely that DOI- and MDMA-induced neuronal apoptosis arises from direct stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor [289, 290].". 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 "Study of the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of the tryptamine 5-MeO-MiPT using human liver microsomes and real case samples". Drug Testing and Analysis 10 (3): 562–574. March 2018. doi:10.1002/dta.2245. PMID 28677880. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Biotransformation of 5-methoxy-N-isopropyl-N-methyltryptamine by zebrafish and human liver microsome with high-resolution mass spectrometry". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 241. April 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115987. PMID 38280235. 
  40. ↑ "Proposal of 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine consumption biomarkers through identification of in vivo metabolites from mice". Journal of Chromatography A 1508: 95–105. July 2017. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.010. PMID 28602505. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 https://www.swgdrug.org/Monographs/5-MeO-MiPT.pdf
  42. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20250526074239/https://downloads.regulations.gov/DEA-2022-0001-0007/content.pdf
  43. ↑ "96096-55-8 CAS MSDS (5-MEO-MIPT) Melting Point Boiling Point Density CAS Chemical Properties". https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_US_CB4104540.aspx. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 "Erowid 5-MeO-MIPT Vault : Chemistry". 2015-02-21. https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/5meo_mipt/5meo_mipt_chemistry.shtml. 
  45. ↑ "5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-1H-Indole-3-ethanamine". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2763156. 
  46. ↑ "5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine hydrochloride". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24802247. 
  47. ↑ https://cdn.caymanchem.com/cdn/msds/11482m.pdf
  48. ↑ https://cdn.caymanchem.com/cdn/insert/11482.pdf
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 "Basic Pharmacology and Effects". Hallucinogens: A Forensic Drug Handbook. Forensic Drug Handbook Series. Elsevier Science. 2003. pp. 67–137. ISBN 978-0-12-433951-4. https://bibliography.maps.org/resources/download/12634. 
  50. ↑ "Analytical Profiles for Five "Designer" Tryptamines" (PDF). Microgram Journal 3 (1–2): 55. 2004. http://www.erowid.org/library/periodicals/microgram/microgram_journal_2005-1.pdf#page=54. Retrieved 2013-10-09. 
  51. ↑ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act". Government of Canada. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/fulltext.html. 
  52. ↑ "关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" (in zh). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html. 
  53. ↑ "FINLEX - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Valtioneuvoston asetus kuluttajamarkkinoilta... 1130/2014". https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskokoelma/2014/1130. 
  54. ↑ "Loi du 19 février 1973 concernant la vente de substances médicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie" (in fr). Journal officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/1973/02/19/n1/jo. 
  55. ↑ "21 CFR — Schedules of Controlled Substances §1308.11 Schedule I.". http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1308/1308_11.htm. 
  56. ↑ "Chapter 893 - Drug Abuse Prevention and Control". Florida Statutes. http://leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/0893.html. 
  57. ↑ "FDA gives an early nod to psychedelic research". The Washington Post. 5 September 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/09/05/fda-gives-an-early-nod-psychedelic-research/. 
  58. ↑ "Mindstate Design Labs AI-Designed Trial Gets FDA Approval". 10 September 2024. https://microdose.buzz/news/mindstate-design-receives-fda-approval/. 
  59. ↑ "Safer Psychedelic Drugs May Be Coming". TIME. 2 October 2024. https://time.com/7027173/new-psychedelic-drug-companies/. Retrieved 7 August 2025. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "Mindstate Uses AI to Design "Next-Gen" Psychedelics Combined With 5-MeO-MiPT". 20 September 2024. https://www.lucid.news/mindstate-uses-ai-to-design-next-gen-psychedelics-combined-with-5-meo-mipt/. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 "The next era of psychedelics may be precision-designed". 20 June 2025. https://bigthink.com/neuropsych/ai-psychedelics-mindstate. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 "Science Has a Powerful New Tool to Unlock the Mysteries of Consciousness—And Even Help You Reach Transcendence". 12 June 2025. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a65023922/designer-psychedelics-consciousness-research/. "Their first proprietary compound, MOXY, currently in a 52-person Phase I trial, is designed to be just that, says DiNardo: "A sort of 'psychedelic tofu,' a drug that allows moderate cognitive flexibility, but isn't likely to cause awe or ego dissolution." In other words, MOXY acts as a neutral base that's mild on its own, but intended to combine with other compounds to produce fine-tuned mental states." 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "Startups Are Trying to Hack Psychedelic Drugs to Make Them Safer". 28 May 2025. https://futurism.com/neoscope/startups-hacking-psychedelic-drugs-safe. 
  64. ↑ "Trips and neurotransmitters: Discovering principled patterns across 6850 hallucinogenic experiences". Science Advances 8 (11). March 2022. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl6989. PMID 35294242. Bibcode: 2022SciA....8L6989B. 



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