Biology:OPN3

From HandWiki
Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Opsin-3 also known as encephalopsin or panopsin[1] is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the OPN3 gene.[2][3][4] Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms.[5]

Function

Opsins are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In addition to the visual opsins, mammals possess several photoreceptive non-visual opsins that are expressed in tissues outside the eye. The opsin-3 gene is strongly expressed in brain and testis and weakly expressed in liver, placenta, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas. The gene is expressed in the skin[5] and may also be expressed in the retina. The protein has the canonical features of a photoreceptive opsin protein,[4] however in human skin, OPN3 is not photoreceptive and acts as a negative regulator of melanogenesis.[6]

Applications

When OPN3 analogues are expressed in neurons, activation by light inhibits neurotransmitter release.[7][8] This makes these analogues useful tools for optogenetic silencing, a method to study the impact of specific neurons on brain function.

References

  1. ↑ "Homologs of vertebrate Opn3 potentially serve as a light sensor in nonphotoreceptive tissue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (13): 4998–5003. March 2013. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219416110. PMID 23479626. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..110.4998K. 
  2. ↑ "Encephalopsin: a novel mammalian extraretinal opsin discretely localized in the brain". The Journal of Neuroscience 19 (10): 3681–3690. May 1999. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-03681.1999. PMID 10234000. 
  3. ↑ "Characterization of a novel human opsin gene with wide tissue expression and identification of embedded and flanking genes on chromosome 1q43". Genomics 72 (2): 203–208. March 2001. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6469. PMID 11401433. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Entrez Gene: OPN3 opsin 3 (encephalopsin, panopsin)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=23596. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Opsin expression in human epidermal skin". Photochemistry and Photobiology 91 (1): 117–123. January 2015. doi:10.1111/php.12354. PMID 25267311. 
  6. ↑ "Illuminating insights into opsin 3 function in the skin". Advances in Biological Regulation 75: 100668. January 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100668. PMID 31653550. 
  7. ↑ "Efficient optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a mosquito rhodopsin" (in English). Neuron 109 (10): 1621–1635.e8. May 2021. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.013. PMID 33979634. 
  8. ↑ "A photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin for presynaptic inhibition" (in English). Neuron 109 (11): 1791–1809.e11. June 2021. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.026. PMID 33979635. 

Further reading

  • "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research 6 (9): 791–806. September 1996. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548. 
  • "Assignment of panopsin (OPN3) to human chromosome band 1q43 by in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrids". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 95 (3–4): 234–235. 2002. doi:10.1159/000059351. PMID 12063405. 
  • "Different structural organization of the encephalopsin gene in man and mouse". Gene 295 (1): 27–32. July 2002. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00799-0. PMID 12242008. 
  • "Germline deletions of EXO1 do not cause colorectal tumors and lesions which are null for EXO1 do not have microsatellite instability". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 147 (2): 121–127. December 2003. doi:10.1016/S0165-4608(03)00196-1. PMID 14623461. 

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:OPN3&oldid=3157697"