Biology:Prokineticin receptor 2
 Generic protein structure example |
Prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), is a dimeric[1] G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the PROKR2 gene in humans.[2]
Function
Prokineticins are secreted proteins that can promote angiogenesis and induce strong gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction. The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein and G protein-coupled receptor for prokineticins. PKR2 is composed of 384 amino acids. Asparagine residues at position 7 and 27 undergo N-linked glycosylation.[1] Cysteine residues at position 128 and 208 form a disulfide bond.[1] The encoded protein is similar in sequence to GPR73, another G protein-coupled receptor for prokineticins.[2] PKR2 is also linked to mammalian circadian rhythm.[3] Levels of PKR2 mRNA fluctuate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, increasing during the day and decreasing at night.[3]
Mutations in the PROKR2 (also known as KAL3) gene have been implicated in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and gynecomastia.[4] Total loss of PKR2 in mice leads to spontaneous torpor usually beginning at dusk and lasting for 8 hours on average.[5]
PKR2 functions as a G protein-coupled receptor, thus it has a signaling cascade when it's ligand binds. PKR2 is a Gq-coupled protein, so when the ligand binds, beta-type phospholipase C is activated which creates inositol triphosphate. This then triggers calcium release inside the cell.[6]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Identification of transmembrane domains that regulate spatial arrangements and activity of prokineticin receptor 2 dimers". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 399: 362–372. January 2015. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.024. PMID 25449422.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: PROKR2 prokineticin receptor 2". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=128674.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Distinct localization of prokineticin 2 and prokineticin receptor 2 mRNAs in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus". The European Journal of Neuroscience 23 (11): 2959–2970. June 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04834.x. PMID 16819985.
- ↑ "Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 10 (11): 684–698. November 2014. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139. PMID 25112235.
- ↑ "Loss of prokineticin receptor 2 signaling predisposes mice to torpor". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294 (6): R1968–R1979. June 2008. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00778.2007. PMID 18417646.
- ↑ "The role of the prokineticin 2 pathway in human reproduction: evidence from the study of human and murine gene mutations". Endocrine Reviews 32 (2): 225–246. April 2011. doi:10.1210/er.2010-0007. PMID 21037178.
Further reading
- "Identification and molecular characterization of two closely related G protein-coupled receptors activated by prokineticins/endocrine gland vascular endothelial growth factor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (22): 19276–19280. May 2002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202139200. PMID 11886876.
- "Molecular cloning and characterization of prokineticin receptors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1579 (2–3): 173–179. December 2002. doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00546-8. PMID 12427552.
- "Expression and regulation of the prokineticins (endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor and Bv8) and their receptors in the human endometrium across the menstrual cycle". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 (5): 2463–2469. May 2004. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032012. PMID 15126578.
- "The endocrine-gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF)/prokineticin 1 and 2 and receptor expression in human prostate: Up-regulation of EG-VEGF/prokineticin 1 with malignancy". Endocrinology 147 (9): 4245–4251. September 2006. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0614. PMID 16763065.
- "Kallmann syndrome: mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin-2 and prokineticin receptor-2". PLOS Genetics 2 (10): e175. October 2006. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020175. PMID 17054399.
External links
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Kallmann syndrome
- "Prokineticin Receptors: PKR2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=3017.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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