Biology:VIPR2
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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
 Generic protein structure example |
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 also known as VPAC2, is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the VIPR2 gene.[1]
Tissue distribution
VIPR2 is expressed in the uterus, prostate, smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, seminal vesicles and skin, blood vessels and thymus.[2][3] VIPR2 is also expressed in the cerebellum.[4]
Function
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are homologous peptides that function as neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. While the receptors for VIP (VIRP 1 and 2) and PACAP (ADCYAP1R1) share homology, they differ in their substrate specificities and expression patterns.[1] VIPR2 transduction results in upregulation of adenylate cyclase activity.[5] Furthermore, VIPR2 mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of VIP.[6]
Research using VPAC2 knockout mice implicate it in the function of the circadian clock, growth, basal energy expenditure and male reproduction.[7][8][9][10]
VIPR2 and/or PAC1 receptor activation is involved in cutaneous active vasodilation in humans.[11]
Splice variants may modify the immunoregulatory contributions of the VIP-VIPR2 axis.[12]
VIPR2 may contribute to autoregulation and/or coupling within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) core and to control of the SCN shell.[13]
Clinical significance
VIPR2 may play a role in schizophrenia.[14]
The abnormal expression of VIPR2 messenger RNA in gallbladder tissue may play a role in the formation of gall stones and polyps.[15]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: VIPR2 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7434.
- ↑ Reubi JC (2000). "In vitro evaluation of VIP/PACAP receptors in healthy and diseased human tissues. Clinical implications.". Ann N Y Acad Sci 921 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06946.x. PMID 11193811. Bibcode: 2000NYASA.921....1R.
- ↑ "Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtypes in human tumors and their tissues of origin.". Cancer Res 60 (11): 3105–3112. 2000. PMID 10850463.
- ↑ "Localization and characterization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors in the human cerebellum during development". J. Comp. Neurol. 496 (4): 468–78. June 2006. doi:10.1002/cne.20934. PMID 16572459.
- ↑ "IUPHAR-DB VPAC2 receptor Redirect". http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=372.
- ↑ "Differential expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its functional receptors in human osteoarthritic and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts". Arthritis Rheum. 58 (4): 1086–95. April 2008. doi:10.1002/art.23403. PMID 18383383.
- ↑ "The VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei.". Cell 109 (4): 497–508. 2002. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00736-5. PMID 12086606.
- ↑ "The mouse VPAC2 receptor confers suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity and responsiveness to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vitro". Eur. J. Neurosci. 17 (2): 197–204. January 2003. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02425.x. PMID 12542655.
- ↑ "Aberrant gating of photic input to the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker of mice lacking the VPAC2 receptor". J. Neurosci. 24 (14): 3522–6. April 2004. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5345-03.2004. PMID 15071099.
- ↑ "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor 2 deficiency in mice results in growth retardation and increased basal metabolic rate". Endocrinology 143 (10): 3994–4006. October 2002. doi:10.1210/en.2002-220354. PMID 12239111.
- ↑ "VIP/PACAP receptor mediation of cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress in humans". J. Appl. Physiol. 109 (1): 95–100. July 2010. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01187.2009. PMID 20395540.
- ↑ "Functional splice variants of the type II G protein-coupled receptor (VPAC2) for vasoactive intestinal peptide in mouse and human lymphocytes". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1070 (1): 422–6. July 2006. doi:10.1196/annals.1317.055. PMID 16888203. Bibcode: 2006NYASA1070..422M.
- ↑ "Transgenic approach reveals expression of the VPAC2 receptor in phenotypically defined neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and in its efferent target sites". Eur. J. Neurosci. 19 (8): 2201–11. April 2004. doi:10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03335.x. PMID 15090046.
- ↑ "Copy Number Variants in Schizophrenia: Confirmation of Five Previous Findings and New Evidence for 3q29 Microdeletions and VIPR2 Duplications". Am J Psychiatry 168 (3): 302–316. February 2011. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060876. PMID 21285140.
- ↑ "Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 and 2 receptor mRNA in gallbladder tissue of patients with gallstone or gallbladder polyps". World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (9): 1468–71. March 2006. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i9.1468. PMID 16552823.
Further reading
- "Selectivity of effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on macrophages and lymphocytes in compartmental immune responses.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 840 (1 NEUROIMMUNOMO): 540–50. 1998. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09593.x. PMID 9629281. Bibcode: 1998NYASA.840..540G.
- "Cloning and functional characterization of the human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-2 receptor.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 209 (2): 385–92. 1995. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1515. PMID 7733904.
- "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human VIP receptor from SUP-T1 lymphoblasts.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205 (3): 1617–24. 1995. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2852. PMID 7811244.
- "Cloning and functional characterization of a third pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor subtype expressed in insulin-secreting cells.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (7): 2679–83. 1994. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2679. PMID 8146174. Bibcode: 1994PNAS...91.2679I.
- "Transduction of specific inhibition of HuT 78 human T cell chemotaxis by type I vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors.". J. Immunol. 157 (3): 1132–8. 1996. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.3.1132. PMID 8757618.
- "Tissue specific expression of different human receptor types for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: implications for their role in human physiology.". J. Neuroendocrinol. 8 (11): 811–7. 1997. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1996.05191.x. PMID 8933357.
- "Chromosomal localization in mouse and human of the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 2 gene: a possible contributor to the holoprosencephaly 3 phenotype.". Genomics 37 (3): 345–53. 1997. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0569. PMID 8938447.
- "Site-directed mutagenesis of human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor subtypes VIP1 and VIP2: evidence for difference in the structure-function relationship.". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284 (2): 744–50. 1998. PMID 9454823.
- "The vasoactive intestinal peptide analogue RO25-1553 inhibits the production of TNF and IL-12 by LPS-activated monocytes.". Immunol. Lett. 60 (1): 57–60. 1998. doi:10.1016/S0165-2478(97)00129-6. PMID 9541464.
- "Structure of the human VIPR2 gene for vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 2.". FEBS Lett. 458 (2): 197–203. 1999. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01135-7. PMID 10481065. https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/14018284/Structure_of_the_human_VIPR2_gene_for_vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor_type_2.pdf.
- "Immunohistochemical localization and distribution of VIP/PACAP receptors in human lung.". Peptides 21 (2): 265–9. 2000. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00202-8. PMID 10764955.
- "Identification of key residues for interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with human VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors and development of a highly selective VPAC1 receptor agonist. Alanine scanning and molecular modeling of the peptide.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (31): 24003–12. 2000. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002325200. PMID 10801840.
- "Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in human uterus.". Peptides 21 (9): 1383–8. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00282-5. PMID 11072126.
- "Selective gene expression and activation-dependent regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1 and type 2 in human T cells.". J. Immunol. 166 (4): 2522–30. 2001. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2522. PMID 11160313.
- "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor type 2 (VPAC2) is the predominant receptor expressed in human thymocytes.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 921 (1): 45–54. 2001. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06950.x. PMID 11193874.
- "Expression and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor VPAC(2) mRNA in human airways.". Lab. Invest. 81 (5): 749–55. 2001. doi:10.1038/labinvest.3780283. PMID 11351046.
- "Neuroendocrine differentiation of the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line maintains the expression and function of VIP and PACAP receptors.". Cell. Signal. 13 (12): 887–94. 2002. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00199-1. PMID 11728828.
- "Simultaneous detection of receptor mRNA and ligand protein in human skin tissues.". J. Cutan. Pathol. 29 (2): 65–71. 2002. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.290201.x. PMID 12150135.
- "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M.
External links
- "VIP and PACAP Receptors: VPAC2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2451.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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