Biology:TAS1R2
 Generic protein structure example |
Taste receptor type 1 member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS1R2 gene.[1]
Structure
The protein encoded by the TAS1R2 gene is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven trans-membrane domains and is a component of the heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor T1R2+3. This receptor is formed as a dimer of the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 proteins. Moreover, the TAS1R2 protein is not functional without formation of the 2+3 heterodimer.[2] Another interesting quality of the TAS1R2 and TAS1R1 genes is their spontaneous activity in the absence of the extracellular domains and binding ligands.[3] This may mean that the extracellular domain regulates function of the receptor by preventing spontaneous action as well as binding to activating ligands such as sucrose.
Ligands
The TAS1R2+3 receptor has been shown to respond to natural sugars sucrose and fructose, and to the artificial sweeteners saccharin, acesulfame potassium, dulcin, and guanidinoacetic acid. Research initially suggested that rat receptors did not respond to many other natural and artificial sugars, such as glucose and aspartame, leading to the conclusion that there must be more than one type of sweet taste receptor.[2] Contradictory evidence, however, suggested that cells expressing the human TAS1R2+3 receptor showed sensitivity to both aspartame and glucose but cells expressing the rat TAS1R2+3 receptor were only slightly activated by glucose and showed no aspartame activation.[4] These results are inconclusive about the existence of another sweet taste receptor, but show that the TAS1R2+3 receptors are responsible for a wide variety of different sweet tastes.
Signal transduction
TAS1R2 and TAS1R1 receptors have been shown to bind to G proteins, most often the gustducin Gα subunit, although a gusducin knock-out has shown small residual activity. TAS1R2 and TAS1R1 have also been shown to activate Gαo and Gαi protein subunits.[3] This suggests that TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 are G protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclases to decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in taste receptors.[5] Research done by creating knock-outs of common channels activated by sensory G-protein second messenger systems has also shown a connection between sweet taste perception and the phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) pathway. The nonselecive cation Transient Receptor Potential channel TRPM5 has been shown to correlate with both umami and sweet taste. Also, the phospholipase PLCβ2 was shown to similarly correlate with umami and sweet taste. This suggests that activation of the G-protein pathway and subsequent activation of PLC β2 and the TRPM5 channel in these taste cells functions to activate the cell.[6]
Location and innervation
TAS1R2+3 expressing cells are found in circumvallate papillae and foliate papillae near the back of the tongue and palate taste receptor cells in the roof of the mouth.[2] These cells are shown to synapse upon the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to send their signals to the brain.[7][8] TAS1R and TAS2R (bitter) channels are not expressed together in taste buds.[2]
See also
References
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: TAS1R2 taste receptor, type 1, member 2". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=80834.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Mammalian sweet taste receptors". Cell 106 (3): 381–390. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00451-2. PMID 11509186.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The G-protein coupling properties of the human sweet and amino acid taste receptors". Developmental Neurobiology 67 (7): 948–959. 2007. doi:10.1002/dneu.20403. PMID 17506496.
- ↑ "Human receptors for sweet and umami taste". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (7): 4692–4696. 2002. doi:10.1073/pnas.072090199. PMID 11917125.
- ↑ "Adenylyl cyclase expression and modulation of cAMP in rat taste cells". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 284 (6): C1420–C1428. 2003. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00556.2002. PMID 12606315.
- ↑ "Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: Different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways". Cell 112 (3): 293–301. 2003. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0. PMID 12581520.
- ↑ "Teaching models for Nd:YAG laser bronchoscopy". Chest 95 (6): 1316–1318. 1989. doi:10.1378/chest.95.6.1316. PMID 2721271.
- ↑ "Comparison of the responses of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to taste stimuli in C57BL/6J mice". BMC Neuroscience 4: 5–6. 2003. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-4-5. PMID 12617752.
Further reading
- "The receptors and cells for mammalian taste.". Nature 444 (7117): 288–94. 2007. doi:10.1038/nature05401. PMID 17108952.
- "Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity.". Cell 96 (4): 541–51. 1999. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80658-3. PMID 10052456.
- "Human receptors for sweet and umami taste.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (7): 4692–6. 2002. doi:10.1073/pnas.072090199. PMID 11917125.
- "The mechanism of interaction of sweet proteins with the T1R2-T1R3 receptor: evidence from the solution structure of G16A-MNEI.". J. Mol. Biol. 328 (3): 683–92. 2003. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00346-2. PMID 12706725.
- "Three sweet receptor genes are clustered in human chromosome 1.". Mamm. Genome 14 (5): 291–301. 2003. doi:10.1007/s00335-002-2233-0. PMID 12856281.
- "The receptors for mammalian sweet and umami taste.". Cell 115 (3): 255–66. 2004. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00844-4. PMID 14636554.
- "A TAS1R receptor-based explanation of sweet 'water-taste'.". Nature 441 (7091): 354–7. 2006. doi:10.1038/nature04765. PMID 16633339.
- "Members of RTP and REEP gene families influence functional bitter taste receptor expression.". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (29): 20650–9. 2006. doi:10.1074/jbc.M513637200. PMID 16720576.
External links
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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