Chemistry:Tiletamine
Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist.[1] It is an arylcyclohexylamine chemically related to ketamine.[2] Tiletamine hydrochloride exists as odorless white crystals.
It is used in veterinary medicine in the combination product Telazol (tiletamine/zolazepam, 50 mg/ml of each in 5 ml vial) as an injectable anesthetic for use in cats and dogs.[3][4][5] It is sometimes used in combination with xylazine (Rompun) to chemically immobilize large mammals such as polar bears[6] and wood bison.[7] Telazol is the only commercially available tiletamine product in the United States. It is contraindicated in patients of an ASA score of III or greater and in animals with CNS signs, hyperthyroidism, cardiac disease, pancreatic or renal disease, pregnancy, glaucoma, or penetrating eye injuries.[3]
Society and culture
Recreational use of telazol has been documented.[8] Animal studies have also shown that tiletamine produces rewarding and reinforcing effects.[9] Products that combine Tiletamine and Zolazepam are classified as Schedule III controlled substances in the United States.[10] Otherwise, as noted by the DEA, tiletamine is unscheduled: “…[R]ules applicable to the scheduling of tiletamine and zolazepam as individual entities are not warranted [or in effect] at this time. Neither tiletamine nor zolazepam, as discrete substances, is perceived to pose a significant threat to the health and general welfare at this time…”[11]
The use of pure tiletamine outside of the veterinary mixes has been documented being smoked in e-cigarettes, with both abuse and withdrawal causing severe limb tremors.[12] Tiletamine has also been found in samples sold as ketamine, sometimes alongside other adulterants.[13][14]
See also
References
- ↑ "Paradoxical convulsant action of a novel non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, tiletamine". Brain Research 461 (2): 343–348. October 1988. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90265-X. PMID 2846121.
- ↑ CID 26533 from PubChem
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Tiletamine". Drugs.com. https://www.drugs.com/international/tiletamine.html.
- ↑ "Telazol--a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16 (4): 383–418. December 1993. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1993.tb00206.x. PMID 8126757.
- ↑ "Tiletamine". Toxnet. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 21 January 2009. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html.
- ↑ "Anesthesia of polar bears using xylazine-zolazepam-tiletamine or zolazepam-tiletamine". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39 (3): 655–664. July 2003. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.655. PMID 14567228.
- ↑ "Anesthesia of wood bison with medetomidine-zolazepam/tiletamine and xylazine-zolazepam/tiletamine combinations". The Canadian Veterinary Journal = la Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 41 (1): 49–53. January 2000. doi:10.4141/cjas61-007. PMID 10642872.
- ↑ "Abuse of telazol: an animal tranquilizer". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 39 (4): 399–402. 2001. doi:10.1081/clt-100105161. PMID 11527235.
- ↑ "Rewarding and reinforcing effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist-benzodiazepine combination, Zoletil®: difference between acute and repeated exposure". Behavioural Brain Research 233 (2): 434–442. August 2012. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.038. PMID 22659394.
- ↑ "Lists of: Scheduling Actions, Controlled Substances, Regulated Chemicals". Drug Enforcement Administration. http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/orangebook.pdf.
- ↑ "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Preparations Which Contain Both Tiletamine and Zolazepam into Schedule III". Drug Enforcement Administration. January 21, 1987. http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/FR/52FR2221.pdf.
- ↑ "Severe tremors induced by tiletamine e-cigarette and alcohol use: a case report". Frontiers in Psychiatry 16. 2025. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1537822. PMID 40248598.
- ↑ "WEDINOS - Sample Results". https://www.wedinos.org/sample-results#mylocation.
- ↑ Erowid DrugsData. "DrugsData.org (was EcstasyData): Test Details : Result #14494 - Diamond, 14494". https://www.drugsdata.org/view.php?id=14494.
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