Chemistry:Amfonelic acid
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| Formula | C18H16N2O3 |
| Molar mass | 308.337 g·mol−1 |
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Amfonelic acid (AFA; WIN 25,978) is a research chemical and dopaminergic stimulant with antibiotic properties. Although limited clinical trials have been conducted, it's primarily used in scientific research.[1]
History
The stimulant properties of AFA were discovered serendipitously at Sterling-Winthrop in the midst of research on the antibiotic nalidixic acid.[1] In addition to behaving as an antibiotic, it was found that many derivatives of nalidixic acid have either stimulant or depressant effects on the central nervous system.[2] Researchers at Sterling-Winthrop found that AFA had a higher potency and therapeutic index than cocaine or amphetamine and so it was singled out for further study.[1][3] A small number of clinical trials were held in the 1970s, but when it was found that AFA exacerbated psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients and produced undesirable stimulant properties in geriatric depressives clinical evaluation of AFA was discontinued.[1] AFA remains a widely used pharmacological tool for study of the brain's reward system, dopamine pathways, and the dopamine transporter.[1] Since 2013 AFA has been sold on the gray market and there are numerous anecdotal reports detailing its non-medical use.[1]
Pharmacology
In studies, it proved to be a potent and highly selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) in rat brain preparations.[4][5] A study found a moderately long half-life of approximately 12 hours and a dopaminergic potency approximately 50 fold that of methylphenidate in rat brain preparations.[6] Despite lack of direct serotonin activity, rats treated with subchronic doses of amfonelic acid display subsequent decreases in 5HT and 5HIAA.[7] Amfonelic acid displays no activity in the norepinephrine system.[8]
Despite its different mechanism of action, amfonelic acid displays discriminatory substitution with 150% the stimulant potency of dextroamphetamine.[9] Amfonelic acid has been shown to be neuroprotective against methamphetamine damage to dopamine neurons.[10] It also increases the effects of the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol, trifluoperazine and spiperone.[11] Rats are shown to self-administer amfonelic acid in a dose-dependent manner.[12]
Though AFA was discovered in the course of antibiotic research, there is very little data available on the drug's antimicrobial activity. In 1988, the biologist G.C. Crumplin wrote, "[AFA] is less active against bacteria than are many other 4-quinolones, but studies in our laboratory on selected mammalian cell lines have shown it to be markedly more toxic to these cells than are the 4-quinolones that are more active antibacterial agents. Furthermore, it can be shown that sublethal doses induced marked changes in the pattern of proteins produced by the cell, thus suggesting a possible effect of 4-quinolones on gene transcription in mammalian cells."[13] When evaluated via broth microdilution the MIC of AFA for Escherichia coli is 125 μg/mL, a concentration thirty times higher than the MIC for nalidixic acid in the same E. coli strain.[1]
See also
- Nalidixic acid (WIN 18,320)
- Oxolinic acid
- Pipemidic acid
- A-77636
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Morris, Hamilton (October 2015). "Sad Pink Monkey Blues". Harper's Magazine. http://harpers.org/archive/2015/10/sad-pink-monkey-blues/. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
- ↑ "Naphthyridine-3-carboxylic Acids, Their Derivatives and Preparation Thereof" US patent 3590036
- ↑ "Pharmacologic properties and mechanism of action of amfonelic acid". European Journal of Pharmacology 10 (3): 344–54. 1970. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(70)90206-2. PMID 4393073.
- ↑ "Comparative effects of pemoline, amfonelic acid and amphetamine on dopamine uptake and release in vitro and on brain 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration in spiperone-treated rats". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 30 (3): 197–8. March 1978. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13201.x. PMID 24701.
- ↑ "Amfonelic acid, a non-amphetamine stimulant, has marked effects on brain dopamine metabolism but not noradrenaline metabolism: association with differences in neuronal storage systems". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 30 (7): 464–6. July 1978. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13293.x. PMID 27622.
- ↑ "Comparison of the effects of cocaine and other inhibitors of dopamine uptake in rat striatum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and medial prefrontal cortex". Brain Research 520 (1–2): 303–9. June 1990. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91719-W. PMID 2145054.
- ↑ "Effects of subchronic amphetamine or amfonelic acid on rat brain dopaminergic and serotonergic function". Journal of Neural Transmission. General Section 83 (1–2): 55–66. 1991. doi:10.1007/BF01244452. PMID 2018630.
- ↑ "A rat model of distractibility: effects of drugs modifying dopaminergic, noradrenergic and GABAergic neurotransmission". Journal of Neural Transmission 104 (1): 11–29. 1997. doi:10.1007/BF01271291. PMID 9085190.
- ↑ "Similarity between (+)-amphetamine and amfonelic acid". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 20 (4): 635–7. April 1984. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(84)90316-2. PMID 6728880.
- ↑ "The effects of amfonelic acid, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, on methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic terminal degeneration and astrocytic response in rat striatum". Brain Research 649 (1–2): 217–24. June 1994. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91067-7. PMID 7953636.
- ↑ "Discrimination of neuroleptics by means of their interaction with amfonelic acid: an attempt to characterize the test". Biochemical Pharmacology 34 (1): 39–44. January 1985. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(85)90097-8. PMID 2857083.
- ↑ "Intravenous self-administration of the indirect dopaminergic agonist amfonelic acid by rats". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 31 (3): 623–6. November 1988. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90240-7. PMID 2908003. https://zenodo.org/record/1258297.
- ↑ "Aspects of chemistry in the development of the 4-quinolone antibacterial agents". Reviews of Infectious Diseases 10 Suppl 1 (10): S2-9. 1988. doi:10.1093/clinids/10.Supplement_1.S2. PMID 3279494.
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