Chemistry:Mesocarb

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Short description: Stimulant drug
Mesocarb
Mesocarb.svg
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolismhepatic
Excretionrenal
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC18H18N4O2
Molar mass322.368 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Mesocarb (brand names Sidnocarb, Sydnocarb) is a drug that is currently being developed for Parkinson's disease.[1]

The drug was originally developed in the USSR in the 1970s [2][3] for a variety of indications including asthenia, apathy, adynamia and some clinical aspects of depression and schizophrenia.[4][5] Mesocarb was used for counteracting the sedative effects of benzodiazepine drugs,[6] increasing workload capacity and cardiovascular function,[7] treatment of ADHD and hyperactivity in children,[8][9] as a nootropic,[10] and as a drug to enhance resistance to extremely cold temperatures.[11][12] It is also listed as having antidepressant and anticonvulsant properties.

The drug has been found to act as a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor by blocking the actions of the dopamine transporter (DAT),[13][14] and lacks the dopamine release characteristic of stimulants such as dextroamphetamine.[15][16][17] It was the most selective DAT inhibitor amongst an array of other DAT inhibitors to which it was compared.[14]

Mesocarb was sold in Russia as 5 milligram tablets under the brand name Sydnocarb. Hydroxylated metabolites can be detected in urine for up to 10 days after consumption.[18]

The drug is almost unknown in the western world and is neither used in medicine nor studied scientifically to any great extent outside Russia and other countries in the former Soviet Union. It has however been added to the list of drugs under international control and is a scheduled substance in most countries, despite its multiple therapeutic applications and reported lack of significant abuse potential.[19]

Mesocarb had erroneously been referred to as a prodrug of amphetamine[20] but this was based on older literature that relied on gas chromatography as an analytical method. Subsequently, with the advent of mass spectroscopy, it has been shown that presence of amphetamine in prior studies was an artifact of gas chromatography method.[21] More recent studies using mass spectroscopy show that negligible levels of amphetamine are released from mesocarb metabolism.[18]

Chemistry

Mesocarb is a mesoionic sydnone imine. It has the amphetamine-backbone present, except that the RN has a complicated imine side-chain present.

Preparation

Patents:[22][23]

Feprosidnine (Sydnophen) is converted from the hydrochloride salt (1) into the freebase amine (2). This is then treated with phenylisocyanate (3).

References

  1. ↑ "Melior Discovery Announces Spinout of Melior Pharmaceuticals II, LLC.". 10 May 2016. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160510005485/en/Melior-Discovery-Announces-Spinout-Melior-Pharmaceuticals-II. 
  2. ↑ GB Patent 1262830 - NOVEL SYDNONIMINE DERIVATIVE
  3. ↑ "[Characteristics of the central action of sidnocarb]" (in ru). Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova 74 (4): 594–602. 1974. PMID 4825943. 
  4. ↑ "Peculiarities of clinical activity and pharmacokinetics of sydnocarb (sydnocarbum), an original psychostimulant". Agressologie 20 (D): 265–270. 1979. PMID 45391. 
  5. ↑ "Behavioral, toxic, and neurochemical effects of sydnocarb, a novel psychomotor stimulant: comparisons with methamphetamine". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 288 (3): 1298–1310. March 1999. PMID 10027871. http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10027871. 
  6. ↑ "[Sidnocarb correction of the adverse effects of benzodiazepine tranquilizers]" (in ru). Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova 82 (8): 92–97. 1982. PMID 6127851. 
  7. ↑ "A survey of psychotropic medications not available in the United States". Neuropsychopharmacology 5 (4): 201–217. December 1991. PMID 1804161. 
  8. ↑ "[Excretion of monoamines, their precursors and metabolites in the hyperactivity syndrome in mentally defective children]" (in ru). Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii 34 (1): 47–50. 1988. PMID 3369126. 
  9. ↑ "[Sidnocarb treatment of young schoolchildren with the hyperdynamic syndrome]" (in ru). Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova 88 (8): 97–101. 1988. PMID 3195293. 
  10. ↑ "[Effect of sidnocarb on learning and memory]" (in ru). Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny 104 (10): 453–454. October 1987. PMID 3676468. 
  11. ↑ "[Pharmacologic correction of the effect of cold on man]" (in ru). Kosmicheskaia Biologiia I Aviakosmicheskaia Meditsina 22 (6): 66–73. Nov–Dec 1988. PMID 2906380. 
  12. ↑ "[Thermoprotector properties of a combination of sydnocarb with ladasten]" (in ru). Eksperimental'naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia 69 (1): 71–73. 2006. PMID 16579065. 
  13. ↑ "Inhibition of dopamine uptake by a new psychostimulant mesocarb (Sydnocarb)". Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy 33 (2): 141–147. 1981. PMID 7312716. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Characterization of pharmacological and wake-promoting properties of the dopaminergic stimulant sydnocarb in rats". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 337 (2): 380–390. May 2011. doi:10.1124/jpet.111.178947. PMID 21300706. 
  15. ↑ "Effects of amphetamine and sydnocarb on dopamine release and free radical generation in rat striatum". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 69 (3-4): 653–658. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00574-3. PMID 11509228. 
  16. ↑ "Effect of d-amphetamine and sydnocarb on the extracellular level of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and hydroxyl radicals generation in rat striatum". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 914 (1): 137–145. September 2000. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05191.x. PMID 11085316. Bibcode: 2000NYASA.914..137A. 
  17. ↑ "Effects of a psychostimulant drug sydnocarb on rat brain dopaminergic transmission in vivo". European Journal of Pharmacology 340 (1): 53–58. December 1997. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01407-6. PMID 9527506. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Validation of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry method for the determination of mesocarb in human plasma and urine". Journal of Chromatographic Science 43 (1): 11–21. January 2005. doi:10.1093/chromsci/43.1.11. PMID 15808002. 
  19. ↑ "[Experimental and clinical study of Sydnocarb]" (in ru). Hung Pharmacotherapy 124: 150–4. 1978. 
  20. ↑ Forensic Medicine: Fundamentals and Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media. 9 October 2013. pp. 519–. ISBN 978-3-642-38818-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=yHHABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA519. 
  21. ↑ "Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for analysis of mesocarb and its metabolites in human urine". Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 800 (1-2): 281–289. February 2004. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.071. PMID 14698267. 
  22. ↑ Michail D. Maschkovskij, 6 More », DE2028880 (1979 to Vsesojuznyj Nautschno-Issledovatelskij Chimiko-Farmacevtitscheskij Institut Imeni Sergo Ordschonikidze, Moskau).
  23. ↑ Mikhail Davidovich Mashkovsky, et al. GB1262830 (1972 to Vni Khim Farmatsevtichesky I I).



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