Biology:Monoamine precursor

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File:Tryptophan.svg
L-Tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin and melatonin and an example of a monoamine precursor.

Monoamine precursors are precursors of monoamines and monoamine neurotransmitters in the body.[1][2] The amino acids L-tryptophan and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; oxitriptan) are precursors of serotonin and melatonin, while the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA (levodopa) are precursors of dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).[1][2]

Administration of monoamine precursors can increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the body and brain.[2] Monoamine precursors may be used in combination with peripherally selective aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors (AAAD inhibitors; also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitors) such as carbidopa and benserazide to restrict metabolism and activation in the periphery.[3] Carbidopa/levodopa and levodopa/benserazide are used to increase brain dopamine levels in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[3] Carbidopa/oxitriptan (EVX-101), which increases brain serotonin levels, is under development as an antidepressant for possible use in the treatment of depression.[4][5]

Droxidopa (L-DOPS) is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of norepinephrine used orally in the treatment of certain types of hypotension and other conditions.[6][7] Dipivefrine is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of epinephrine used as an ophthalmic medication.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kohlstadt, Ingrid (19 April 2016). Food and Nutrients in Disease Management. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420067637. https://books.google.com/books?id=KDxUfc-rEs8C&pg=PA472. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Fernandes, John; Saudubray, Jean-Marie; Berghe, Georges van den; Walter, John H. (22 November 2006). Inborn Metabolic Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer. ISBN 9783540287858. https://books.google.com/books?id=-chW0k3aFXMC&pg=PA364. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current status and new developments". J Parkinsons Dis 3 (3): 255–69. January 2013. doi:10.3233/JPD-130186. PMID 23948989. 
  4. ↑ "Serotonin a la carte: supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan". Pharmacol Ther 109 (3): 325–338. March 2006. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.004. PMID 16023217. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/58h866d5. 
  5. ↑ "Carbidopa/Oxytriptan - Evecxia - AdisInsight". https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800052771. 
  6. ↑ "L-Dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS): a norepinephrine prodrug". Cardiovasc Drug Rev 24 (3–4): 189–203. 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2006.00189.x. PMID 17214596. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Phenols in Pharmaceuticals: Analysis of a Recurring Motif". J Med Chem 65 (10): 7044–7072. May 2022. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00223. PMID 35533692. https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10332412. 





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