Chemistry:Nandrolone decanoate

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Short description: Anabolic steroid
Nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone decanoate.svg
Nandrolone decanoate molecule ball.png
Clinical data
Trade namesRolon, others
Other names• Nandrolone decylate
• 19-Nortestosterone 17β-decanoate
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: X (Contraindicated)
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection
Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid; Androgen ester; Progestogen
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityIntramuscular: 53–73%[1]
MetabolismBlood (hydrolysis), liver (reduction)[2][4]
Metabolites• Nandrolone[2][3]
• 5α-Dihydronandrolone[2][3]
• 19-Norandrosterone[2]
• 19-Noretiocholanolone[2]
• Conjugates[4]
Elimination half-life• Intramuscular: 6–12 days[2][5]
• Nandrolone: <4.3 hours[2]
Duration of action• Intramuscular: 2–3 weeks[3][6]
ExcretionUrine[2]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC28H44O3
Molar mass428.657 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Nandrolone decanoate, sold under the brand name ROLON[7] among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used primarily in the treatment of anemias and wasting syndromes, as well as osteoporosis in menopausal women.[8][9][10][11][3] It is given by injection into muscle or fat once every one to four weeks.[3][12]

Side effects of nandrolone decanoate may include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, and voice changes.[3] The medication is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).[3][13] It has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, which give it a mild side effect profile and make it especially suitable for use in women and children.[3][13][14] Nandrolone decanoate is a nandrolone ester and a long-lasting prodrug of nandrolone in the body.[3][15]

Nandrolone decanoate was first described in 1960 and was introduced for medical use in 1962.[3] It was the second nandrolone ester to be introduced, following nandrolone phenylpropionate (NPP) in 1959, and is one of the most widely used nandrolone esters.[3][16] It is also one of the most widely used AAS worldwide.[3] In addition to its medical use, nandrolone decanoate is used to improve physique and performance, and is said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes.[3][17] The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.[3]


Medical uses

Nandrolone decanoate is approved in the United States specifically for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease and in the United Kingdom specifically for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.[3][18][19] In Australia , it is approved specifically for the treatment of kidney failure, chronic kidney disease, anemia of kidney failure, aplastic anemia, osteoporosis (in women in whom estrogens are contraindicated), inoperable breast cancer, and for patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy.[6] In New Zealand, it is approved for osteoporosis, inoperable breast cancer, and as an adjunct to therapy for conditions characterized by a negative nitrogen balance.[2] The drug is often used off-label to preserve lean mass in HIV/AIDS patients and in other wasting syndromes.[3]

In the past, nandrolone decanoate has also been indicated and used for a variety of other conditions and situations including pre- and postoperative use for increasing lean mass, treating weight loss due to convalescence or disease, geriatric states (e.g., general weakness, fatigue), burns, severe trauma, ulcers, and selected cases of growth failure in children.[3] Starting in the 1970s, the indications of nandrolone decanoate were refined and use of the drug became more selective and restricted.[3] Its use in medicine continues to decline and has become limited, with its sale having been discontinued in many countries.[3]

Nandrolone esters can be used as a form of androgen replacement therapy for treatment of androgen deficiency in men.[20] However, they have not generally been used for this purpose, and have instead mostly been used only as anabolic agents.[20][21][22] In any case, nandrolone decanoate has widely been used at low doses as a means of androgen replacement in postmenopausal women, for instance to maintain or increase bone mineral density and decrease the risk of osteoporosis.[23][24][25][26] It is one of only three androgens approved for androgen replacement in postmenopausal women, the others being testosterone (and esters) and methyltestosterone.[26] Nandrolone esters have more recently been proposed for more widespread treatment of androgen deficiency in men due to favorable properties including their high ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect and hence lower or negligible risk of scalp hair loss, prostate enlargement, and prostate cancer relative to testosterone.[20][27][28] Nandrolone esters and related compounds such as trestolone and dimethandrolone undecanoate have also been studied as means of androgen replacement in investigational male contraceptive regimens.[20][29][30]

It has also been proposed for masculinizing hormone therapy in some nonbinary people assigned female at birth who want the body shape effects of testosterone without androgenic hair growth.[31]

Dosages

A dosage of nandrolone decanoate of 25 to 50 mg once every 6 to 12 weeks (working out to an average exposure of about 2 to 8 mg per week) by intramuscular injection is considered to be appropriate for general androgen replacement therapy in women.[32][33][20] A dosage of 50 mg once every 2 to 4 weeks by intramuscular injection is used in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and in the palliative treatment of inoperative breast cancer.[2][6][34] For children aged 2 to 13 years, the average dosage for anemia of chronic kidney disease is 25 to 50 mg every 3 to 4 weeks by intramuscular injection.[18] Dosages in men and for other uses have also been described.[18][19][6][2][3]


v · d · e Androgen/anabolic steroid dosages for breast cancer
Route Medication Form Dosage
Oral Methyltestosterone Tablet 30–200 mg/day
Fluoxymesterone Tablet 10–40 mg 3x/day
Calusterone Tablet 40–80 mg 4x/day
Normethandrone Tablet 40 mg/day
Buccal Methyltestosterone Tablet 25–100 mg/day
Injection (IM or SC) Testosterone propionate Oil solution 50–100 mg 3x/week
Testosterone enanthate Oil solution 200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
Testosterone cypionate Oil solution 200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
Mixed testosterone esters Oil solution 250 mg 1x/week
Methandriol Aqueous suspension 100 mg 3x/week
Androstanolone (DHT) Aqueous suspension 300 mg 3x/week
Drostanolone propionate Oil solution 100 mg 1–3x/week
Metenolone enanthate Oil solution 400 mg 3x/week
Nandrolone decanoate Oil solution 50–100 mg 1x/1–3 weeks
Nandrolone phenylpropionate Oil solution 50–100 mg/week
Note: Dosages are not necessarily equivalent. Sources: See template.

Available forms

Nandrolone decanoate has been available in 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, and 200 mg/mL formulations in oil solution for intramuscular injection.[21][3]

Non-medical uses

Nandrolone decanoate is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.[3] It is consumed by bodybuilders as per 8–12 weeks bulking cycles with some form of testosterone as a base[35] because, according to the studies if consumed solo (i.e., without a base) it shuts down the natural production of testosterone by altering blood–testis barrier components.[36] Despite this fact, nandrolone decanoate is one of the most popular injectable AAS worldwide, and nandrolone esters have been said to be the most popular AAS used by bodybuilders and in sports.[3][17] This is in part due to the high ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of nandrolone and its weak propensity for androgenic and estrogenic side effects.[3][37]

Contraindications

Contraindications for nandrolone decanoate include pregnancy, breastfeeding, prostate cancer, male breast cancer, breast cancer in women with hypercalcemia, hypersensitivity (to nandrolone decanoate or excipients such as arachis (peanut) oil; includes those with peanut and soy allergies), nephrosis or nephritis, liver disease with impaired bilirubin excretion, and heart failure.[6][18] High dosages may also be considered contraindicated in women due to their high potential for virilization.[3][6]

Side effects

The side effects of nandrolone decanoate are dependent on dosage, duration of treatment, and individual sensitivity.[6][19] A number of common, uncommon, and rare side effects have been observed with the medication at recommended dosages.[6][19] While less common or severe than with many other AAS, the most common side effect of nandrolone decanoate is virilization (masculinization) in women.[6][19] Uncommon side effects of nandrolone decanoate at recommended dosages include fluid retention, inhibition of spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, increased frequency of penile erections, increased penis size in pre-pubertal boys, clitoral hypertrophy, increased pubic hair growth, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperlipidemia, decreased HDL cholesterol, increased hemoglobin (to abnormal high levels), hypertension, nausea, epididymitis, bladder irritability, reduced urine flow, benign prostatic hyperplasia, priapism, premature epiphyseal closure (in children), and acne.[6] Rare side effects include abnormal liver function, jaundice, peliosis hepatis, liver tumors, oily skin, greasy hair, rash, pruritus, exanthema, urticaria at the injection site, and furunculosis.[6] Local injection site reactions may also occur.[19]

Unlike 17α-alkylated AAS such as methyltestosterone, nandrolone decanoate is not associated with liver toxicity.[3][38]

Virilization

Nandrolone decanoate causes virilization as a common side effect in women, including acne, hoarseness of the voice, hirsutism (excessive facial/body hair growth), and libido changes, among others.[6] Clitoral enlargement is an uncommon symptom of virilization that can occur.[6] Virilization is especially prevalent and marked at high dosages of nandrolone decanoate and/or with long-term treatment, and some aspects of virilization like voice deepening can be irreversible.[6][19][3] Hoarseness is often the first sign of voice changes.[6] Although said to be only slightly androgenic, nandrolone decanoate may still occasionally cause virilization at recommended dosages in women, especially with long-term treatment.[3] A minor though statistically insignificant incidence of virilization has been observed in women treated with nandrolone decanoate short-term at a dosage of 100 mg every 2 weeks for 12 weeks.[3] Conversely, long-term (>1 year) studies have shown significant virilization in women even at a dosage of 50 mg every 2 or 3 weeks.[3]

Overdose

The acute toxicity of nandrolone esters in animals is very low and there are no reports of acute overdosage with nandrolone decanoate in humans.[2][6] There are no specific recommendations for the management of nandrolone decanoate.[6]

Interactions

Antiestrogens like aromatase inhibitors (e.g., anastrozole) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., tamoxifen, raloxifene) can interfere with and prevent the estrogenic effects of nandrolone decanoate.[3] 5α-Reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride can prevent the inactivation of nandrolone in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland, and may therefore considerably increase its androgenic side effects.[3] This is opposite to the case of most other AAS, which are either potentiated by 5α-reductase in such tissues or are not substrates of 5α-reductase.[3] Antiandrogens like cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, and bicalutamide can block both the anabolic and androgenic effects of AAS like nandrolone decanoate.[20]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Nandrolone, the active form of nandrolone decanoate.
v · d · e Androgenic vs. anabolic activity
of androgens/anabolic steroids
Medication Ratioa
Testosterone ~1:1
Androstanolone (DHT) ~1:1
Methyltestosterone ~1:1
Methandriol ~1:1
Fluoxymesterone 1:1–1:15
Metandienone 1:1–1:8
Drostanolone 1:3–1:4
Metenolone 1:2–1:30
Oxymetholone 1:2–1:9
Oxandrolone 1:3–1:13
Stanozolol 1:1–1:30
Nandrolone 1:3–1:16
Ethylestrenol 1:2–1:19
Norethandrolone 1:1–1:20
Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template.

Nandrolone decanoate is a nandrolone ester, or a prodrug of nandrolone.[6][39][3][13] As such, it is an androgen and anabolic steroid, or an agonist of the AR, the biological target of androgens like testosterone and DHT.[6][3][13][39] Relative to testosterone, nandrolone decanoate has enhanced anabolic effects and reduced androgenic effects.[6][39][13] It is considered to have strong anabolic effects but weak androgenic effects, with respective potency ratios of 3.29–4.92 and 0.31–0.41 (index value 10.6–12.1 or about an 11:1 ratio of myotrophic to androgenic effect) relative to testosterone propionate.[3][13][28] This is defined specifically on the basis of a rodent model in which change in the weights of the rat bulbocavernosus/levator ani muscle ("anabolic" or "myotrophic" activity) and the rat ventral prostate or seminal vesicles ("androgenic" activity) are compared with testosterone and then used to form a ratio.[13] Along with oxandrolone (which has a ratio of about 10:1), nandrolone esters are thought to have the highest ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of any other AAS.[3][27] For this reason, they are considered to be among the most appropriate AAS for use in women and children.[3][14]

Androgenic effects like virilization are relatively uncommon with nandrolone decanoate at recommended dosages, though may still occur especially at higher dosages or with extended use.[3][6] The low androgenicity of nandrolone decanoate is thought to be due to the fact that whereas many other AAS like testosterone are potentiated via transformation by 5α-reductase into more potent AR agonists like DHT in specific tissues including the skin, hair follicles, prostate gland, liver, and brain, nandrolone is instead inactivated by 5α-reductase via transformation into the low-affinity AR ligand 5α-dihydronandrolone in such tissues.[4][3][13] This is thought to result in a much lower incidence and magnitude of facial/body hair growth, scalp hair loss, and possibly prostate issues like prostate enlargement and prostate cancer with nandrolone esters relative to testosterone.[3][27][28]

In addition to its anabolic and androgenic activity, nandrolone decanoate has low estrogenic activity (via its metabolite estradiol) and moderate progestogenic activity.[3] This may result in side effects such as fluid retention and gynecomastia.[3] Like other AAS, nandrolone decanoate has antigonadotropic effects.[3] It has been found to suppress testosterone levels by 57% at a dosage of 100 mg/week and by 70% at a dosage of 300 mg/week in men following 6 weeks of treatment.[3] Both the androgenic activity and the progestogenic activity of nandrolone decanoate may contribute to its antigonadotropic potency.[3] Relative to testosterone, due to its lower estrogenic potency, much less of the antigonadotropic potency of nandrolone decanoate is derived from its estrogenic activity.[3]

v · d · e Relative affinities (%) of nandrolone and related steroids
Compound PR AR ER GR MR SHBG CBG
Nandrolone 20 154–155 <0.1 0.5 1.6 1–16 0.1
Testosterone 1.0–1.2 100 <0.1 0.17 0.9 19–82 3–8
Estradiol 2.6 7.9 100 0.6 0.13 8.7–12 <0.1
Notes: Values are percentages (%). Reference ligands (100%) were progesterone for the PR, testosterone for the AR, estradiol for the ER, dexamethasone for the GR, aldosterone]] for the MR, dihydrotestosterone for SHBG, and cortisol for CBG. Sources: See template.
v · d · e Relative affinities of nandrolone and related steroids at the androgen receptor
Compound rAR (%) hAR (%)
Testosterone 38 38
5α-Dihydrotestosterone 77 100
Nandrolone 75 92
5α-Dihydronandrolone 35 50
Ethylestrenol ND 2
Norethandrolone ND 22
5α-Dihydronorethandrolone ND 14
Metribolone 100 110
Sources: See template.

Pharmacokinetics

Upon intramuscular injection in oil, which results in the formation of a long-lasting depot in the muscle, nandrolone decanoate is stored unchanged and is slowly absorbed into the body.[4] Once in the circulation, it is converted into nandrolone, which is the active form of the drug.[2] There is a sharp spike in nandrolone levels 24 to 48 hours after an intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate, followed by a steady decline to baseline levels within approximately two or three weeks.[3][6] The bioavailability of nandrolone decanoate is 53 to 73% with intramuscular injection and varies with the site of injection, with the highest bioavailability seen when injected into the gluteal muscle.[1] Like testosterone, nandrolone is highly protein-bound and is present in the blood in both bound and free fractions.[4] It has very low affinity for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 5% of that of testosterone and 1% of that of DHT.[4][40]

Nandrolone decanoate is rapidly hydrolyzed in the blood by esterases into nandrolone, with a terminal half-life of one hour or less.[4][2] It does not appear to be hydrolyzed in muscle or fat.[41] The metabolism of nandrolone occurs in the liver and is very similar to that of testosterone, including reduction by 5α-reductase and 5β-reductase, dehydrogenation by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and conjugation.[4] The metabolites of nandrolone include 5α-dihydronandrolone, 19-norandrosterone, and 19-noretiocholanolone, with 19-norandrosterone being the major metabolite.[4] Other metabolites include 19-norandrostenedione, 19-norandrostanediols, 19-norepiandrosterone, and conjugates.[4] Nandrolone also undergoes aromatization into estradiol similarly to testosterone, though at a rate of only about 20% of that of testosterone or possibly even less; one study found virtually no aromatization of nandrolone in men.[3][17][4][42]

The elimination half-life of nandrolone decanoate administered by intramuscular injection is approximately 6 to 12 days.[2][3] Studies that have assessed the duration of nandrolone decanoate via its anabolic effects, for instance on nitrogen balance, have found that a single 50 to 100 mg intramuscular injection had a duration of about 18 to 25 days.[43][44] The blood half-life for the combined process of hydrolysis into nandrolone and elimination of nandrolone is 4.3 hours.[2] Nandrolone and its metabolites are excreted in the urine, mainly in the form of conjugates.[4]

Although nandrolone decanoate is usually administered by intramuscular injection, it has been found to be similarly effective when administered by subcutaneous injection.[45] The pharmacokinetics of nandrolone decanoate via subcutaneous injection closely resemble those of intramuscular injection.[45] However, subcutaneous injection is considered to be easier, more convenient, and less painful compared to intramuscular injection.[45] In addition, research suggests that most intramuscular injections in practice are in fact subcutaneous injections.[45]

v · d · e Parenteral durations of androgens/anabolic steroids
Medication Form Major brand names Duration
Testosterone Aqueous suspension Andronaq, Sterotate, Virosterone 2–3 days
Testosterone propionate Oil solution Androteston, Perandren, Testoviron 3–4 days
Testosterone phenylpropionate Oil solution Testolent 8 days
Testosterone isobutyrate Aqueous suspension Agovirin Depot, Perandren M 14 days
Mixed testosterone estersa Oil solution Triolandren 10–20 days
Mixed testosterone estersb Oil solution Testosid Depot 14–20 days
Testosterone enanthate Oil solution Delatestryl 14–20 days
Testosterone cypionate Oil solution Depovirin 14–20 days
Mixed testosterone estersc Oil solution Sustanon 250 28 days
Testosterone undecanoate Oil solution Aveed, Nebido 100 days
Testosterone buciclated Aqueous suspension 20 Aet-1, CDB-1781e 90–120 days
Nandrolone phenylpropionate Oil solution Durabolin 10 days
Nandrolone decanoate Oil solution Deca Durabolin 21 days
Methandriol Aqueous suspension Notandron, Protandren 8 days
Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate Oil solution Notandron Depot 16 days
Metenolone acetate Oil solution Primobolan 3 days
Metenolone enanthate Oil solution Primobolan Depot 14 days
Note: All are via i.m. injection. Footnotes: a = TP, TV, and TUe. b = TP and TKL. c = TP, TPP, TiCa, and TD. d = Studied but never marketed. e = Developmental code names. Sources: See template.


Chemistry

Nandrolone decanoate, or nandrolone 17β-decanoate, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone.[8][9] It is an androgen ester; specifically, it is the C17β decylate (decanoate) ester of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone), which itself is the 19-demethylated analogue of testosterone.[8][9]


History

Nandrolone decanoate was first described in the literature in 1960.[3] It was developed by Organon and was introduced for medical use under the brand name Deca-Durabolin in 1962.[3][46] Shortly thereafter it became one of the most widely used AAS in the world.[3] Nandrolone decanoate was the second form of nandrolone to be introduced, having been preceded by nandrolone phenylpropionate in 1959.[46]

Society and culture

Generic names

Nandrolone decanoate is the generic name of the drug and its USAN and BAN.[8][9][10][11] It has also been referred to as nandrolone decylate.[8][9][10][11]

Brand names

Nandrolone decanoate is or has been marketed under the brand names Deca-Durabolin, Deca-Durabol, Decaneurabol, Metadec, and Retabolil, among others.[8][9][10][11]

Availability

Nandrolone decanoate is available widely throughout the world, including in the United Kingdom , other European countries, Australia , New Zealand, Latin America, Asia, and elsewhere in the world.[9][11][3][16] It has been discontinued in United States and Canada .[47][48] Its availability is becoming increasingly limited with time.[3]

Legal status

Nandrolone decanoate, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.[49]

Research

Nandrolone decanoate has been studied in the treatment of bone loss in men, but in contrast to testosterone esters, was found to be ineffective.[50][51] In short-term (6- to 8-week) studies in healthy male bodybuilders, nandrolone decanoate did not alter bone mineral density.[52][53][54] However, the short duration of these studies limits conclusions on the influence of nandrolone decanoate on bone in men.[53][54]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Pharmacokinetic evaluation of three different intramuscular doses of nandrolone decanoate: analysis of serum and urine samples in healthy men". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (5): 2624–2630. May 2005. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1526. PMID 15713722. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 "ROLON IN". http://medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/d/roloninj.pdf. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. 2011. pp. 402–412, 193–194. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=afKLA-6wW0oC&pg=PT402. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Drugs, Athletes, and Physical Performance. Springer Science & Business Media. 6 December 2012. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-1-4684-5499-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9u0pBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27. 
  5. ↑ "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nandrolone esters in oil vehicle: effects of ester, injection site and injection volume". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 281 (1): 93–102. April 1997. PMID 9103484. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 "DECA-DURABOLIN (nandrolone decanoate)". https://gp2u.com.au/static/pdf/D/DECA-DURABOLIN-PI.pdf. 
  7. ↑ "ROLON 250mg/ml Solution for Injection - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc)". https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5374/smpc#gref. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. 14 November 2014. pp. 660–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA660. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 716–717. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA716. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. 6 December 2012. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Nandrolone - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". https://www.drugs.com/pro/nandrolone.html. 
  12. ↑ "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of subcutaneous injection of depot nandrolone decanoate using dried blood spots sampling coupled with ultrapressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99 (7): 2592–2598. July 2014. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1243. PMID 24684468. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology 154 (3): 502–521. June 2008. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMID 18500378. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Springer Science & Business Media. 6 December 2012. pp. 401–. ISBN 978-3-642-66353-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=3-LrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401. 
  15. ↑ "Pharmacokinetic parameters of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) after intramuscular administration of nandrolone decanoate (ROLON) to healthy volunteers". Acta Endocrinologica. Supplementum 271 (3_Suppla): 19–30. 1985. doi:10.1530/acta.0.109s00019. PMID 3865478. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. 23 June 2005. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-0-471-89979-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA206. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 25 February 2015. pp. 2388–. ISBN 978-0-323-32195-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2388. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "NANDROLONE DECANOATE INJECTION, USP". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3f059e04-1ebc-40bb-a49c-f9d90d41b1cb. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 "Package leaflet: Information for the patient : ROLON 250 mg/ml Solution for Injection (Nandrolone decanoate)". https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/files/pil.5374.pdf?filename=PIL.5374.pdf. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Androgens in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. 27 May 2003. pp. 25,146,374,408–409. ISBN 978-1-59259-388-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=vDcBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA374. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001. pp. 1185, 2146. ISBN 978-0-7817-1750-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=FVfzRvaucq8C&pg=PA1185. 
  22. ↑ Hormone Replacement Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. 1 June 1999. pp. 271–. ISBN 978-1-59259-700-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ja2nBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA271. 
  23. ↑ "Androgen replacement in women: a commentary". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 (6): 1886–1891. June 1999. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5802. PMID 10372681. 
  24. ↑ "Issues concerning androgen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 72 (11): 1051–1055. November 1997. doi:10.4065/72.11.1051. PMID 9374980. 
  25. ↑ Endocrine Replacement Therapy in Clinical Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. 24 April 2003. pp. 519–. ISBN 978-1-59259-375-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=CA0HCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA519. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "The therapeutic use of androgens in women". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 69 (1–6): 177–184. 1999. doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(99)00054-0. PMID 10418991. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Novel Uses for the Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Nandrolone and Oxandrolone in the Management of Male Health". Current Urology Reports 17 (10): 72. October 2016. doi:10.1007/s11934-016-0629-8. PMID 27535042. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Beyond testosterone cypionate: evidence behind the use of nandrolone in male health and wellness". Translational Andrology and Urology 5 (2): 213–219. April 2016. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.03. PMID 27141449. 
  29. ↑ "Male Contraceptive Development: Update on Novel Hormonal and Nonhormonal Methods". Clinical Chemistry 65 (1): 153–160. January 2019. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2018.295089. PMID 30602479. 
  30. ↑ "Clinical trials in male hormonal contraception". Contraception 82 (5): 457–470. November 2010. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.03.020. PMID 20933120. http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/10172.pdf. 
  31. ↑ "Hormonal Treatment Strategies Tailored to Non-Binary Transgender Individuals". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9 (6): 1609. May 2020. doi:10.3390/jcm9061609. PMID 32466485. 
  32. ↑ "Androgens and women at the menopause and beyond". The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 58 (5): M409–M416. May 2003. doi:10.1093/gerona/58.5.M409. PMID 12730248. 
  33. ↑ Menopause: Biology and Pathobiology. Academic Press. 22 May 2000. pp. 454–. ISBN 978-0-08-053620-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=i9HXKhjvNVAC&pg=PA454. 
  34. ↑ "Potential therapeutic effects of prescribed and over-the-counter androgens in women". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 44 (4): 880–892. December 2001. doi:10.1097/00003081-200112000-00025. PMID 11600868. 
  35. ↑ "Deca Durabolin Cycle: The most effective ways to use Deca" (in en-US). https://myleanbody.net/cycles.html. 
  36. ↑ "Nandrolone decanoate interferes with testosterone biosynthesis altering blood-testis barrier components". Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (Wiley-Blackwell) 21 (8): 1636–1647. August 2017. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13092. PMID 28244681. 
  37. ↑ "Side Effects of Deca Durabolin" (in en-US). https://myleanbody.net/sideeffects.html. 
  38. ↑ Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects. Springer. 30 March 2017. pp. 394–. ISBN 978-3-319-46086-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Et6TDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA394. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor". Chemical Reviews 105 (9): 3352–3370. September 2005. doi:10.1021/cr020456u. PMID 16159155. 
  40. ↑ "Relative binding affinity of anabolic-androgenic steroids: comparison of the binding to the androgen receptors in skeletal muscle and in prostate, as well as to sex hormone-binding globulin". Endocrinology 114 (6): 2100–2106. June 1984. doi:10.1210/endo-114-6-2100. PMID 6539197. 
  41. ↑ "Where does hydrolysis of nandrolone decanoate occur in the human body after release from an oil depot?". International Journal of Pharmaceutics 515 (1–2): 721–728. December 2016. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.068. PMID 27989828. 
  42. ↑ "Suppression of spermatogenesis to azoospermia by combined administration of GnRH antagonist and 19-nortestosterone cannot be maintained by this non-aromatizable androgen alone". Human Reproduction 16 (12): 2570–2577. December 2001. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.12.2570. PMID 11726576. 
  43. ↑ "Longacting steroid preparations". Acta Clinica Belgica 30 (1): 48–55. 1975. doi:10.1080/17843286.1975.11716973. PMID 1231448. 
  44. ↑ Steroidal Activity in Experimental Animals and Man. Elsevier Science. 5 December 2016. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-1-4832-7300-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=uizgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of subcutaneous injection of depot nandrolone decanoate using dried blood spots sampling coupled with ultrapressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99 (7): 2592–2598. July 2014. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1243. PMID 24684468. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments. United Nations Publications. 1983. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-92-1-130230-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=leVCukUgNlsC&pg=PA153. 
  47. ↑ "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/. 
  48. ↑ "Drug Product Database - Health Canada". Health Canada. 18 March 2010. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/databasdon/index-eng.php. 
  49. ↑ Drug Abuse Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press. 21 December 2006. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-4200-0346-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjrMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30. 
  50. ↑ "Nandrolone decanoate for men with osteoporosis". American Journal of Therapeutics 5 (2): 89–95. March 1998. doi:10.1097/00045391-199803000-00006. PMID 10099043. 
  51. ↑ "Randomized placebo-controlled trial of androgen effects on muscle and bone in men requiring long-term systemic glucocorticoid treatment". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 (7): 3167–3176. July 2003. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021827. PMID 12843161. 
  52. ↑ "Biochemistry and physiology of anabolic androgenic steroids doping". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 11 (5): 362–373. May 2011. doi:10.2174/138955711795445952. PMID 21443514. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Bodybuilders' body composition: effect of nandrolone decanoate". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36 (3): 484–489. March 2004. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000117157.06455.B0. PMID 15076791. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Body composition and anthropometry in bodybuilders: regional changes due to nandrolone decanoate administration". International Journal of Sports Medicine 22 (3): 235–241. April 2001. doi:10.1055/s-2001-18679. PMID 11354529. 

Further reading

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