Biology:Membrane androgen receptor

From HandWiki

Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which bind and are activated by testosterone and/or other androgens.[1][2][3] Unlike the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mARs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades.[2][3] Known or proposed mARs include ZIP9 and GPRC6A.[2][4] GPRC6A has been found to be involved in testicular function and prostate cancer.[2][3] mARs have also been found to be expressed in breast cancer cells.[5] Activation of mARs by testosterone has been found to increase skeletal muscle strength, indicating potential anabolic effects.[6] mARs have also been implicated in the antigonadotropic effects of androgens.[7] 3α-Androstanediol, an active metabolite of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and a weak androgen as well as a neurosteroid via acting as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, rapidly influences sexual receptivity and behavior in animals, an effect that is GABAA receptor-dependent.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Molecular cell biology of androgen receptor signalling". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42 (6): 813–27. 2010. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.013. PMID 19931639. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "G protein-coupled receptors: extranuclear mediators for the non-genomic actions of steroids". Int J Mol Sci 15 (9): 15412–25. 2014. doi:10.3390/ijms150915412. PMID 25257522. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors". Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 17 (8): 951–63. 2013. doi:10.1517/14728222.2013.806491. PMID 23746222. 
  4. ↑ Pi M, Quarles LD (June 2011). "GPRC6A regulates prostate cancer progression". Prostate 72 (4): 399–409. doi:10.1002/pros.21442. PMID 21681779. 
  5. ↑ "Membrane androgen receptor activation in prostate and breast tumor cells: molecular signaling and clinical impact". IUBMB Life 61 (1): 56–61. 2009. doi:10.1002/iub.150. PMID 19109827. 
  6. ↑ "Evidence for a Non-Genomic Action of Testosterone in Skeletal Muscle Which may Improve Athletic Performance: Implications for the Female Athlete". J Sports Sci Med 11 (3): 363–70. 2012. PMID 24149341. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Non-genomic actions of androgens". Front Neuroendocrinol 29 (2): 169–81. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.10.005. PMID 18093638. 





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