Biology:Retinoic acid receptor beta

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example


Retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-beta), also known as NR1B2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group B, member 2) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RARB gene.[1][2]

Function

This gene encodes retinoic acid receptor beta, a member of the thyroid-steroid hormone receptor superfamily of nuclear transcriptional regulators. This receptor localizes to the cytoplasm and to subnuclear compartments. It binds retinoic acid, the biologically active form of vitamin A which mediates cellular signalling in embryonic morphogenesis, cell growth and differentiation. It is thought that this protein limits growth of many cell types by regulating gene expression. The gene was first identified in a hepatocellular carcinoma where it flanks a hepatitis B virus integration site. A deregulation of this gene has also been detected in uterine cervical carcinoma preneoplastic lesions.[3] The gene expresses at least two transcript variants; one additional transcript has been described, but its full length nature has not been determined.[1]

Epigenetics

The Retinoic acid receptor beta aberrant promoter DNA hypermethylation has been observed associated with cancer onset/progression. Indeed, this improper epigenetic phenomenon has been observed in women affected by Vulvar Squamous cell carcinoma arose from vulver lichen sclerosus.[4] Methylation of the Retinoic acid receptor beta promoter may be a marker of cancer risk in patients affected by this disease.[4]

Interactions

Retinoic acid receptor beta has been shown to interact with NR4A2.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: RARB retinoic acid receptor, beta". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5915. 
  2. ↑ "Assignment of the human hap retinoic acid receptor RAR beta gene to the p24 band of chromosome 3". Human Genetics 80 (2): 189–90. Oct 1988. doi:10.1007/BF00702867. PMID 2844650. 
  3. ↑ "Gene expression changes in progression of cervical neoplasia revealed by microarray analysis of cervical neoplastic keratinocytes.". J Cell Physiol 230 (4): 802–812. April 2015. doi:10.1002/jcp.24808. PMID 25205602. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Association of Retinoic Acid Receptor β Gene With Onset and Progression of Lichen Sclerosus-Associated Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma". JAMA Dermatology 154 (7): 819–823. 2018. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.1373. PMID 29898214. 
  5. ↑ "A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1". Genes & Development 9 (7): 769–82. Apr 1995. doi:10.1101/gad.9.7.769. PMID 7705655. 

Further reading

  • "Hepatitis B virus as an insertional mutagene in a human hepatocellular carcinoma". Molecular Biology & Medicine 7 (3): 213–22. Jun 1990. PMID 2170809. 
  • "Retinoic acid receptor beta and colon cancer". Cancer Biology & Therapy 3 (1): 87–8. Jan 2004. doi:10.4161/cbt.3.1.686. PMID 14726690. 
  • "Chemoprevention in lung cancer". Current Problems in Cancer 28 (5): 287–306. 2004. doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2004.05.005. PMID 15375805. 
  • "[Methylation status of RARbeta gene promoter in low and high grade cerebral glioma. Comparison with normal tissue. Immuno-histochemical study of nuclear RARbeta expression in low and high grade cerebral glioma cells. Comparison with normal cells. 48 tumors]". Neuro-Chirurgie 51 (3–4 Pt 1): 147–54. Sep 2005. doi:10.1016/S0028-3770(05)83470-8. PMID 16389900. 
  • "Homo- and heteronuclear NMR studies of the human retinoic acid receptor beta DNA-binding domain: sequential assignments and identification of secondary structure elements". Biochemistry 31 (28): 6474–80. Jul 1992. doi:10.1021/bi00143a017. PMID 1321662. 
  • "Heterodimerization among thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptor, retinoid X receptor, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor, and an endogenous liver protein". Molecular Endocrinology 6 (9): 1468–78. Sep 1992. doi:10.1210/mend.6.9.1331778. PMID 1331778. 
  • "Genomic organization of the human retinoic acid receptor beta 2". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 188 (2): 695–702. Oct 1992. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)91112-4. PMID 1332705. 
  • "The expression of retinoic acid receptors in cultured human endometrial stromal cells and effects of retinoic acid". Human Reproduction 7 (5): 692–700. May 1992. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137721. PMID 1379266. 
  • "Mouse and human retinoic acid receptor beta 2 promoters: sequence comparison and localization of retinoic acid responsiveness". DNA Sequence 2 (2): 111–9. 1992. doi:10.3109/10425179109039679. PMID 1663808. 
  • "Identification of a retinoic acid responsive element in the retinoic acid receptor beta gene". Nature 343 (6254): 177–80. Jan 1990. doi:10.1038/343177a0. PMID 2153268. Bibcode: 1990Natur.343..177D. 
  • "A retinoic acid receptor-specific element controls the retinoic acid receptor-beta promoter". Molecular Endocrinology 4 (11): 1727–36. Nov 1990. doi:10.1210/mend-4-11-1727. PMID 2177841. 
  • "A novel steroid thyroid hormone receptor-related gene inappropriately expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma". Nature 330 (6149): 667–70. 1988. doi:10.1038/330667a0. PMID 2825037. 
  • "Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor". Nature 332 (6167): 850–3. Apr 1988. doi:10.1038/332850a0. PMID 2833708. Bibcode: 1988Natur.332..850B. 
  • "A new retinoic acid receptor identified from a hepatocellular carcinoma". Nature 333 (6174): 669–72. Jun 1988. doi:10.1038/333669a0. PMID 2836738. Bibcode: 1988Natur.333..669B. 
  • "Hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a sequence homologous to v-erb-A and steroid receptor genes in a hepatocellular carcinoma". Nature 322 (6074): 70–2. 1986. doi:10.1038/322070a0. PMID 3014347. Bibcode: 1986Natur.322...70D. 
  • "Effect of cellular senescence and retinoic acid on the expression of cellular retinoic acid binding proteins in skin fibroblasts". Experimental Cell Research 219 (1): 243–8. Jul 1995. doi:10.1006/excr.1995.1224. PMID 7628539. 
  • "Fetal isoform of human retinoic acid receptor beta expressed in small cell lung cancer lines". Cancer Research 54 (2): 365–9. Jan 1994. PMID 8275470. 
  • "The solution structure of the human retinoic acid receptor-beta DNA-binding domain". Journal of Biomolecular NMR 3 (1): 1–17. Jan 1993. doi:10.1007/BF00242472. PMID 8383553. 

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.




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