Biology:Nuclear receptor related-1 protein

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The Nuclear receptor related 1 protein (NURR1) also known as NR4A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR4A2 gene.[1] NURR1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.

NURR1 plays a key role in the maintenance of the dopaminergic system of the brain.[2] Mutations in this gene have been associated with disorders related to dopaminergic dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Misregulation of this gene may be associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Four transcript variants encoding four distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Additional alternate splice variants may exist, but their full-length nature has not been determined.[3]

This protein is thought to be critical to development of the dopamine phenotype in the midbrain, as mice without NURR1 are lacking expression of this phenotype. This is further confirmed by studies showing that when forcing NURR1 expression in naïve precursor cells, there is complete dopamine phenotype gene expression.[4]

While NURR1 is a key protein, there are other factors required as research shows that solely expressing NURR1 fails to stimulate this phenotypic gene expression. One of these suggested factors is winged-helix transcription factor 2 (Foxa2). Studies have found these two factors to be within the same region of developing dopaminergic neurons, both of these factors were present in order to have expression for the dopamine phenotype. [4]

Nurr1 and Inflammation

Research has been conducted on Nurr1’s role in inflammation, and may provide important information in treating disorders caused by dopaminergic neuron disease. Inflammation in the CNS can result from activated microglia (macrophage analogs for the central nervous system) and other pro-inflammatory factors, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS binds to toll-like receptors (TLR), which induces inflammatory gene expression by promoting signal-dependent transcription factors. To determine which cells are dopaminergic, experiments measured the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is needed for dopamine synthesis. It has been shown that Nurr1 protects dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced inflammation, by reducing inflammatory gene expression in microglia and astrocytes. When a short hairpin for Nurr1 was expressed in microglia and astrocytes, these cells produced inflammatory mediators, such as TNFa, NO synthase and IL-1β, supporting the conclusion that reduced Nurr1 promotes inflammation and leads to cell death of dopaminergic neurons. Nurr1 interacts with the transcription factor complex NF-κB-p65 on the inflammatory gene promoters. However, Nurr1 is dependent on other factors to be able to participate in these interactions. Nurr1 needs to be sumoylated and its co-regulating factor, glycogen synthase kinase 3, needs to be phosphorylated for these interactions to occur. Sumolyated Nurr1 recruits CoREST, a complex made of several proteins that assembles chromatin-modifying enzymes. The Nurr1/CoREST complex inhibits transcription of inflammatory genes.[5]

Structure

One investigation conducted research on the structure and found that Nurr1 does not contain a ligand-binding cavity but a patch filled with hydrophobic side chains. Non-polar amino acid residues of Nurr1’s co-regulators, SMRT and NCoR, bind to this hydrophobic patch. Analysis of tertiary structure has shown that the binding surface of the ligand-binding domain is located on the grooves of the 11th and 12th alpha helices. This study also found essential structural components of this hydrophobic patch, to be the three amino acids residues, F574, F592, L593; mutation of any these three inhibits LBD activity.[6]

Applications

Nurr1 induces tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, which eventually leads to differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. Nurr1 has been demonstrated to induce differentiation in CNS precursor cells in vitro but they require additional factors to reach full maturity and dopaminergic differentiation.[7] Therefore, Nurr1 modulation may be promising for generation of dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson’s disease research, yet implantation of these induced cells as therapy treatments, has had limited results.

Knockout Studies

Studies have shown that heterozygous knockout mice for the NURR1 gene demonstrate reduced dopamine release. Initially this was compensated for by a decrease in the rate of dopamine reuptake; however, over time this reuptake could not make up for the reduced amount of dopamine being released. Coupled with the loss of dopamine receptor neurons, this can result in the onset of symptoms for Parkinson’s Disease.[8]

Interactions

Nuclear receptor related 1 protein has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. ↑ "cDNA cloning of a NGFI-B/nur77-related transcription factor from an apoptotic human T cell line". Journal of Immunology 154 (8): 3871–9. April 1995. PMID 7706727. http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/abstract/154/8/3871. 
  2. ↑ "Multiple signaling pathways regulate the transcriptional activity of the orphan nuclear receptor NURR1". Nucleic Acids Research 34 (19): 5515–27. 2006. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl712. PMID 17020917. 
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: NR4A2 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4929. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Yi, Sang-Hoon; He, Xi-Biao; Rhee, Yong-Hee; Park, Chang-Hwan; Takizawa, Takumi; Nakashima, Kinichi; Lee, Sang-Hun (15 February 2014). "Foxa2 Acts as a Co-activator Potentiating Expression of the Nurr1-induced DA Phenotype via Epigenetic Regulation.". Development. 
  5. ↑ "A Nurr1/CoREST pathway in microglia and astrocytes protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced death". Cell 137 (1): 47–59. April 2009. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.038. PMID 19345186. 
  6. ↑ "Identification of a novel co-regulator interaction surface on the ligand binding domain of Nurr1 using NMR footprinting". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (51): 53338–45. December 2004. doi:10.1074/jbc.M409096200. PMID 15456745. 
  7. ↑ "Dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from rat embryonic neural precursors by Nurr1 overexpression". Journal of Neurochemistry 85 (6): 1443–54. June 2003. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01780.x. PMID 12787064. 
  8. ↑ "Age-related changes in dopamine signaling in Nurr1 deficient mice as a model of Parkinson's disease". Neurobiology of Aging 33 (5): 1001.e7-16. May 2012. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.022. PMID 21531044. 
  9. ↑ "Enhancing Beta-Catenin Activity via GSK3beta Inhibition Protects PC12 Cells against Rotenone Toxicity through Nurr1 Induction". PLOS One 11 (4): e0152931. Apr 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152931. PMID 27045591. 
  10. ↑ "Pitx3 potentiates Nurr1 in dopamine neuron terminal differentiation through release of SMRT-mediated repression". Development 136 (4): 531–40. February 2009. doi:10.1242/dev.029769. PMID 19144721. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1". Genes & Development 9 (7): 769–82. April 1995. doi:10.1101/gad.9.7.769. PMID 7705655. 

Further reading

  • "Mutant genes responsible for Parkinson's disease". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 4 (1): 79–84. February 2004. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2003.09.005. PMID 15018843. 
  • "[Treatment of hypertonus in diabetes mellitus]". Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Innere Medizin und Ihre Grenzgebiete 30 (13): 437–42. July 1975. PMID 4929. 
  • "A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1". Genes & Development 9 (7): 769–82. April 1995. doi:10.1101/gad.9.7.769. PMID 7705655. 
  • "Unique response pathways are established by allosteric interactions among nuclear hormone receptors". Cell 81 (4): 541–50. May 1995. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90075-6. PMID 7758108. 
  • "NOT, a human immediate-early response gene closely related to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor NAK1/TR3". Molecular Endocrinology 8 (11): 1583–91. November 1994. doi:10.1210/me.8.11.1583. PMID 7877627. 
  • "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene 138 (1–2): 171–4. January 1994. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298. 
  • "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene 200 (1–2): 149–56. October 1997. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149. 
  • "Organization of the human orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 gene". Gene 230 (2): 225–32. April 1999. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00064-5. PMID 10216261. 
  • "Molecular cloning of the human Nurr1 gene: characterization of the human gene and cDNAs". Gene 230 (2): 233–9. April 1999. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00065-7. PMID 10216262. 
  • "Mutation analysis of the human NR4A2 gene, an essential gene for midbrain dopaminergic neurogenesis, in schizophrenic patients". American Journal of Medical Genetics 105 (8): 753–7. December 2001. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10036. PMID 11803525. 
  • "Mutation analysis of the retinoid X receptor beta, nuclear-related receptor 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha genes in schizophrenia and alcohol dependence: possible haplotype association of nuclear-related receptor 1 gene to alcohol dependence". American Journal of Medical Genetics 114 (1): 15–23. January 2002. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1620. PMID 11840500. 
  • "Activation of nuclear orphan receptor NURR1 transcription by NF-kappa B and cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue". Journal of Immunology 168 (6): 2979–87. March 2002. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2979. PMID 11884470. 
  • "Association of homozygous 7048G7049 variant in the intron six of Nurr1 gene with Parkinson's disease". Neurology 58 (6): 881–4. March 2002. doi:10.1212/wnl.58.6.881. PMID 11914402. 
  • "Decreased expression of the transcription factor NURR1 in dopamine neurons of cocaine abusers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (9): 6382–5. April 2002. doi:10.1073/pnas.092654299. PMID 11959923. 
  • "Mutations in NR4A2 associated with familial Parkinson disease". Nature Genetics 33 (1): 85–9. January 2003. doi:10.1038/ng1066. PMID 12496759. 
  • "The constitutive and inducible expression of Nurr1, a key regulator of dopaminergic neuronal differentiation, in human neural and non-neural cell lines". Neuropathology 22 (4): 219–32. December 2002. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1789.2002.00460.x. PMID 12564761. 
  • "Distribution of haplotypes derived from three common variants of the NR4A2 gene in Japanese patients with schizophrenia". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 118B (1): 20–4. April 2003. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10053. PMID 12627459. 
  • "Orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 directly transactivates the promoter activity of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in a cell-specific manner". Journal of Neurochemistry 85 (3): 622–34. May 2003. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01671.x. PMID 12694388. 

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